建筑英語權威翻譯(武漢理工版)(4頁).doc
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2022-07-11
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1、第一課 4Based on information supplied by the other specialists, construction management civil engineers estimate quantities and costs of materials and labor, schedule all work, order materials and equipment for the job, hire contractors and subcontractors, and perform other supervisory work to ensure t2、he project is completed on time and as specified根據其他專家所提供的信息,施工管理專家計算材料和人工的數量和花費,所有工作的進度表,訂購工作所需要的材料和設備,雇傭承包商和分包商,還要做些額外的監督工作以確保工程能按時按質完成。第一課 12They coordinate the activities of virtually everyone engaged in the work: the surveyors;workers who lay out and construct the temporary roads and ramps, exc3、avateeksk9veit for the foundation,build the forms and pour the concrete; and workers who build the steel framework. 他們協調工程中每個人的活動:測量員,布置和建造臨時道路和斜坡,開挖基礎,支模板和澆注混凝土的工人,以及鋼筋工人。這些工程師也向結構的業主提供進度計劃報告。第二課 6The precise activities to be housed in any specific building-ranging from an assembly line in a factor4、y to a living room in a home-should dictate the size and shape of the several areas within. 確切的活動,被安置在任何特定的建筑 廣泛到從工廠的一條裝配流水線到 一個家庭的起居室-應該規定幾個內部區域的大小和形狀。第二課13Through the related architectural forms shaped by their purpose,governed by the materials,proportioned and given scale and character by the des5、igner,buildings become expressions of the ideals and aspirations of the generations that built them經過建筑學目的的成型,再受材料、比例和設計者給定的比例尺和特征支配,建筑物成為建造它們的時代的理想的表達和熱望。歷史性建筑學的連續性式樣是他們的時代精神的化身。第三課11.All buildings are supported on the ground, and therefore the nature of the soil becomes an extremely important cons6、ideration in the design of any building. The design of a foundation depends on many soil factors, such as type of soil, soil stratification, thickness of soil layers and their compaction, and groundwater conditions所有的建筑物都支撐在地面上,因此,土體的性質成為任何建筑設計中極端重要的考慮因素。基礎的設計依賴于許多土體的要素,如土的類型,土壤的層理,土層的厚度和它的壓縮性,以及地下水7、的狀態。第三課 13 Where the soil is softer,it is necessary to spread the column load over a greater area; in this case,a continuous slab of concrete (raft or mat) under the whole building is used土較軟的地方,有必要將柱荷載傳遞到一個較大的面積上,在這種情況下,則在整個建筑物底下采用連續的混凝土板(筏或席)第四課 7The maximum efficiency of the total structure of a 8、tall building,for both strength and stiffness,to resist wind load can be achieved only if all column elements can be connected to each other in such a way that the entire building acts as a hollow tube or rigid box in projecting out of the ground抵抗風荷載的實現只有當建筑物突出地面的所有的柱構件能夠彼此連接使整個建筑物成為一個空心筒體或一個勁性箱體時,9、一幢高層建筑的整個結構才能最有效。第七課 10The span of a rigid beam type of bridge can be increased by building intermediate piers and bridging the gaps between the piers with several beams.The materials used for rigid beams must be able to withstand both compression and tension. 剛架橋這種類型的橋的跨度可以采用在中間建橋墩或在峽谷建擱柵撐,再用幾根橫梁連接10、起來而增加跨度。剛架橋的材料必須能夠承擔壓力和拉力。The double requirement stems from the fact that when a load is placed on a rigid beam, the beam. As a result of bending the upper part of the beam is compressed and the lower half is stretched.盡管它的名字叫曲梁,但實際上這種具有雙重要求的桿能用于剛架橋上。結果,梁彎曲較高的部分的壓力比直的部分低一半以上,Although the total weigh11、t of the vehicles moving over a bridge at any time is generally a small fraction of the static and dynamic load, it presents special problems to the bridge designer because of the vibration and impact stresses created by moving vehicles. the severe impacts caused by irregularities of vehicle motion 12、or bumps in the roadway may momentarily double the effect of the live load on the bridge雖然隨時在橋面上移動的機動車的總重量相當于靜荷載和動荷載來說是一個很少的部分,而對設計者來說,因為機動車輛產生的振動和沖擊壓力而會出現特殊問題。例如:在路面上機動車的不規則的運動或碰撞對橋面產生短暫而影響加倍的活荷載而導致嚴重的影響。第十一課1As part of general planning, it is decided what the traffic needs of the area will be for 13、a considerable period, generally 20 years, and what construction will meet those needs作為概要計劃的一部分,該地區在可預見的時段內(如20年)的交通流量,以及何種建設才能滿足這種需求將是決定因素。To assess traffic needs the highway engineer collects and analyzes information about the physical features of existing facilities, the volume, distribution, an14、d character of present traffic, and the changes to be expected in these factors. 為了評估交通需求量,高速公路工程師通過采集分析現有設備提供的物理數據信息包括車流量,分布,現有交通工具的特征以及蘊涵在這些因素中的可以預知的變化。第十五課 8Internal friction is the resistance to sliding offered by the soil mass. Sand and gravel have higher internal friction than clays; in the la15、tter an increase in moisture lowers the internal friction. 內摩擦力是土體抵抗滑動的力。砂土和礫石土比粘土有更大的內摩擦力;后期水氣的增加會降低內摩擦力。第十六課 4The sizes of footings are determined by dividing the loads to be imposed at the base of the footings by the allowable bearing pressure which can be imposed on the soil or rock of the earth16、. 基礎的尺寸是由可能施加在基礎底部的荷載除以地基土和巖石能夠承擔的容許支撐力來確定的。More specific information about the soil or rock is normally obtained by drilling test borings, extracting soil or rock samples, performing laboratory tests on the samples, and making engineering analysis to determine suitable bearing pressures. 更多關于土體或巖石的17、具體信息要靠鉆探試驗:選擇土體或巖石試樣,室內試驗和決定容許承載力的工程分析獲得。第十七課 20. The construction of a steel structure consists of the assembly at the site of mill-rolled or shop-fabricated steel sections. The steel sections may consist of beams, columns, or small trusses which are joined together by riveting, bolting, or welding18、. It is more economical to assemble sections of the structure at a fabricating shop rather than in the field, but the size of preassembled units is limited by the capacity of transportation and erection equipment. 鋼結構建筑物由軋鋼廠和制造廠的鋼材組裝而成。鋼結構由梁,柱或靠鉚接螺栓連接以及焊接連接在一起的小桁架組成。在制造車間組裝部分結構比在現場更積極,但組裝單元大小受運輸能力和安19、裝設備限制。21Concrete construction consists of several operations: forming, concrete production, placement, and curing. Forming is required to contain and support the fluid concrete within its desired final outline until it solidifies and can support itself. The form is made of timber or steel sections o20、r a combination of both and is held together during the concrete placing by external bracing or internal ties. The forms and ties are designed to withstand the temporary fluid pressure of the concrete混凝土結構由一些操作組成:支模,混凝土澆搗,定位,養護。支模要求保持和支持所需要的流動的混凝土直到它硬化并且能支撐自身。模板由木材或鋼材或兩者組成,它在混凝土定位期間,靠外部支撐和內部結點結合在一起。21、模板和結點被設計成能支撐臨時的流動混凝土的壓力。朗讀顯示對應的拉丁字符的拼音P12 在古中國,盡管人們不把建筑學視為一種藝術,但在西方,建筑學是美術之母,建筑裝飾、繪畫以及雕刻逐漸成熟被人們視為獨立的藝術。P23 結構形式,如橫梁或拱門,經過長時間的發展,它涉及到材料的實用性以及高新技藝。例如,拱門,地面的軸心引力。因此,重力、建筑物形狀和所用的材料的力量要保持平衡,從個可以庇護所提供頂蓋并能讓周圍在通道周圍。與這種平衡保持一致,建筑者創造了三種技巧,分別是:柱形、拱形和懸臂結構。P33 二戰結束后,歐洲、沒過和日本在開始研究在動力(包括超出屈服點的力)的作用下的utong建筑鋼鐵的類型,從而22、做出更加精確系統的分析。反過來,這導致了許多國家公家寬松的設計規范。所謂的可塑設計及高韌度材料的使用,是更加自由、更加富于想象的設計設計成為可能并節約了大量的成本。電腦的應用縮減了冗長的文書工作,并提高效率,減少開支。P57 建設橋梁根基和上部構造的更好更快的方法也有所提高。建造者用更好的管道運輸方式或可漂浮至地基然后沉到空地的地基箱取代了昂貴的圍堰和沉箱。例如,在建造混凝土橋梁的上部結構時,人們預制許多分段然后把它們運送到合適的位置,從而節省了大量的成本。P67 大量的經濟價值不僅是通過減少橋梁的重量來獲得,而是通過薄翼型外觀獲得,這種翼型外觀可以減少橋梁承載的氣流,從而減少繩索及塔臺的開支23、。而且塔臺是單箱的,從而使其重量減至最低。這些創舉無疑為今后的橋梁設計的經濟價值及復雜性制定了標準。P93 人、物對交通的需求與大多數人的定居地有密切的聯系。所以主要的鄉村交通線十分容易選定,因為它們要經過主要的樞紐和聚居地。城市交通路線的體積通常考慮起止城市的面積大小及2地的距離。它通常建立在當前體積及人口和車輛增加的基礎上。這種體積通常要稱為日平均流量。就設計目的而言,有必要吧歸類為型重型車輛的交通分配給重量分類組。P131 在沉積和分層的每一個階段,水作為侵蝕和地面運輸的中間介質無時不在。地下深處的水帶來酸和堿,進行化學攻擊粒子并侵蝕、冷凍、解凍、進一步降低大塊的巖石使之成越來越小的碎片24、,即使當它們深埋于表面,雨,雪和冰雹下數千英尺也依然如此。P143大學教我們很多課,它們使用的熟悉教材教具:課本、講座、實驗室、示范和研討會,但外面的世界也教導著我們。這里的課程是不同的,甚至可能很難辨認,、但如果我們是聰明的學生,是為了我們職業生涯的大利益,我們在畢業之后仍要接受很長的時間教育。P155 材料的質量和耐久性,建筑經濟學根本上不同于其他加工項目經濟學。因為建筑物不移動,但必須在各種天氣中屹立60年甚至更長時間,因此建筑物材料的選用標準遠不同于運輸設備的使用標準。因為建筑材料只運送到建筑工地一次,此后不在重新安置,因此可以很重,而且,建筑器材具有抗腐蝕性,可以以最少的維護工作獲得長壽命。
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