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1、 Table of Contents1.0 General2.0 Setting out3.0 Drilling4.0 Piles Termination5.0 Clearing of Pile Base 6.0 Installation of Reinforcement7.0 Placing of Concrete8.0 Testing of Concrete9.0 Possible Problems Encountered10.0 Noise And Vibration11.0 Hazard Analysis12.0 Method of Locating And Avoidance of 2、Utility Services13.0 Bored Pile Record Sheets1.0 GeneralThe general sequence for bored pile works is shown as below: -Figure 1: Flow Chart For Bored Pile Process2.0 Setting OutIn house surveyor will set out the pile location with reference to the control point established by the licensed surveyor. P3、rior to boring, the pile point shall be checked and offset along the 2 main axis for checking any deviation during initial boring.3.0 DrillingBefore boring, the supervisor/ project manager shall verify all associated technical information such as presence of services, pile co-ordinates, platform lev4、el, cut-off level, validity of drawings and etc.The pile boring operations will be performed by the flight auger or boring bucket attached to a hydraulic drilling unit which is mounted on a crawler crane. The verticality of bored hole will be checked from time to time from the top while advancing th5、e bored hole. Sighting plumb line shall be used to check the verticality of the Kelly bar of boring machine against 2 major axis. The checking shall be carried out before and during boring process at regular interval to ensure boring hole is constructed and completed within tolerance.Bored HoleSteel6、 RodBoring Machinemin. 1200mm HTStringKelly BarPlumb BobSighting Point45o Detail of Sighting Point_ Steel casing of adequate thickness shall be used to prevent unstable soil from caving into the bored hole for the first 612m of the soil strata. The casing will be installed by vibrating hammer or dri7、ven by the boring rig. Water shall be utilised as a medium stabalising fluid in the process of forming the borehole.During the boring process, the water level shall be kept as high as possible within the casing and well above the existing ground water level.Rock drilling tools or chisels shall be us8、ed to drill into rock. The clerk of work or engineer shall be verified the length of actual length of boring into rock.The bored length can be checked with measuring tape or length of kelly bar. Borehole stability shall be regularly checked by observing the bored depth and amount of soil removed.4.09、 Piles TerminationBefore any permanent pile installation, preliminary load test shall be carried out to verify the design parameters used in design the pile length. Working load and integrity tests will also be carried out to ensure piles are properly installed.Pile termination criteria shall be def10、ined according to the design, such as socket length into rock, minimum length in soil only and founding strata shall be identified and stipulated.Soil sample shall be collected at regular depth interval and compared with description in nearest soil investigation bored hole used in design of the pile11、. Inform resident engineer/COW if substantial difference observed.5.0 Clearing Of Pile Base After reaching the boring depth, the bottom of shaft shall be cleaned by mean of a mechanically operated cleaning bucket. 6.0 Installation of ReinforcementReinforcement steel cage will be supported centrally 12、and firmly within the hole so that no movement occurs during concreting operation. Steel, concrete spacers will be used to provide interval support and ensured adequate concrete cover.Reinforcing cage will be suspended centrally on top of the casing where structural requirement of the reinforcing ca13、ge is less than the deep and bored shaft.If sonic logging test is required for the pile, the sonic logging tube shall be welded to the steel reinforcement and their end closed with mild steel cage. After test had been carried out, the sonic logging tubes shall be flushed clean by air lift method. Ce14、ment grout is then pumped through a poly-pipe into the tube after cleaning.7.0 Placing Of ConcreteConcrete is poured into the bored hole through tremie pipes. The tremie pipes are 270mm diameter and are made up of coupled sections 0.5m, 1m, 2m, and 3m in length. As the level of concrete in the bored15、 hole rises, the tremie pipe column is raised whilst always ensuring a minimum 2m embedment into the concrete in order to avoid mud inclusions.During concreting, a log is kept of delivery time, volume and concrete level. Concrete cubes are taken to assess the concrete strength.When concreting in dry16、 hole condition, a conical hopper fitted with short length of pipe at bottom is placed centrally over the head of the shaft.When the concrete is to be placed under water or drilling fluid, measures must be taken to ensure that:-a) The tremie pipe shall be water tight throughout its lengthb) High slu17、mp concrete (Tremie mix, slump = 175mm 25mm) will be used for the construction of the bored piles.c) The tremie pipe will be lowered centrally to the bottom of the borehole.d) The bottom of tremie pipe will be embedded at least 2 to 3m in the fresh concrete column. At all time, sufficient quantity o18、f concrete shall be maintained within the tremie pipe to ensure the pressure formed exceeds that from the water or drilling fluid.e) Where sectional tremies are used, they should be split at the required intervals in order to avoid excessive embedment and thus insufficient flow of concrete into the 19、bore.f) The diameter of tremie pipe shall not be less than 150mm and it shall have minimum external projections as to allow the pipes to pass through reinforcing cage without causing any damages, distortion or up-lifting of the steel cage. The internal face of the tremie pipe shall be free from any 20、projection.g) The spoil from the bored piling work shall be removed from site to an approved dump site.In dry hole condition, the concrete level in the shaft shall be brought above the designed cut off level for 150mm. While in tremie condition, the concrete will be overcast minimum 500mm above the 21、designed cut-off level.The platform level is checked to establish the depth of the cut-off level. The top of the concrete is constantly being monitored during the concreting process with a measuring tape to ensure the required concrete level is achieved. The pile head of completed piles will be prot22、ected from subsequent damage by mean of over casting the pile above cut-off level. The holes of completed bored piles will be back-filled with earth for safety consideration and this is also to protect the piles.8.0 Testing Of ConcreteFrequency of concrete testing shall be as follow: -a) Slump test-23、 Every loadb) Cube strength - One set of test cubes (6 nos. of cubes) for every pile.Testing of cubes shall be performed for compressive strength at the following interval ages;2 cubes at age of 7 days2 cubes at age of 28 days2 cubes as standby cubes or at age of 56 days (if required)9.0 Possible Pr24、oblems EncounteredDue to variable nature of soil, there may be some possible problems encountered. Some of the common problems are: -a) Present of obstructionFor shallow obstruction that is within the reach of a hydraulic excavator, it shall be dug out with the hydraulic excavator. Otherwise, assumi25、ng that the obstruction is a boulder, chiseling is normally adopted.b) Sudden loss of support fluidAs a precaution against the unlikely event of collapse water level is always maintained at 0.5m below casing. In the unlikely event of the sudden loss of support fluid, the boring will be immediately s26、topped and back-filled with clayey material or lean mix concrete until the loss of support fluid is stopped.After remedial measures have been undertaken, boring will resume.c) Verticality of excavationThe verticality is maintained by checking the Kelly bar against a plumb bob at two major directions27、. Should verticality be out of tolerance, the bored hole is back-filled and the verticality will be rechecked for re-boring.d) Defective pilesIf the completed piles is found (by sonic coring or other) not to be good quality over the design socket length, the remedial measures shall be: - The enginee28、r shall assess whether the pile can be use after down grading. To install additional piles.This problem can be prevented or minimized if the following measure is carried out:- Always plan the supply of concrete is timely so that the bored hole is not left long after excavation. During concreting, co29、ncrete curve chart must be maintained to check any collapse of soil. Adjacent piles close to the newly completed bored piles are not installed until at least 24 hours later.10.0 Noise and VibrationUnlike driven pile system, bored pile system generally will not have any problem with noise and vibrati30、on. However, noise monitor will be carried out during operation to check the noise-generated compliance to the local authority requirement.11.0 Hazard AnalysisHAZARD PRECAUTIONSa) Injury from falling defectCrane operator not allowed to lift items directly over workers.All workers must wear safety he31、lmet. Only bench men is allowed to stay near boring rig during boring operationb) Injury from falling into boreholeall open holes shall be covered if left unattended.c) Injury from concretingProper signal to crane operator and avoid standing at the direction of the concrete truck.d) Entanglement wit32、h moving plantStay out of danger zone of boring rig, crane and excavator.e) Snapping of the wire ropeCrane and Rig operator shall carry out daily safety and service checks.12.0 Method of Locating and Avoidance of Utility ServicesBefore any piling operation being carried out, the following operations33、 shall be carried out to locate any utility service: -a) Based on licensed surveyors underground services survey mapping, we shall identify and peg the location of services. Those services need to be relocated or diverted shall be carried out prior piling commencement. Services that do not require r34、elocation shall be clearly marked.b) Visual inspection of the piling site shall be carried out to check any services markers that did not pick up by the surveyors mapping. Manual excavation or pilot trenching shall be carried out to determine the depth of services.c) Cable detector will also be used to detect any underground cable.13.0 Bored Pile Record SheetFor every pile, it must be completed with the following record sheets: -a) Inspection Request Formb) Bored Pile Recordc) Concrete Progress ChartRefer QA/QC procedures attachments for sample of record sheets.