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1、施工組織設計的重要性摘要：建筑工程在施工過程中，施工組織方案的優劣不僅直接影響工程的質量，對工期及施工過程中的人員安全也有重要影響。施工組織是項目建設和指導工程施工的重要技術經濟文件。能調節施工中人員、機器、原料、環境、工藝、設備、土建、安裝、管理、生產等矛盾,要對施工組織設計進行監督和控制,才能科學合理的保證工程項目高質量、低成本、少耗能的完成。關鍵詞：項目管理 施工組織 方案 重要性 施工組織設計就是對工程建設項目整個施工過程的構思設想和具體安排，是施工組織管理工作的核心和靈魂。其目的是使工程速度快、質量好、效益高。使整個工程在施工中獲得相對的最優效果。1編制施工組織設計重要性的原因建筑工2、程及其施工具有固定性與流動性、多樣性與單件性、形體龐大與施工周期長這三對特點。所以，每一建筑工程的施工都必須進行施工組織設計。這是因為：其它一般工業產品的生產都有著自己固定的、長期適用的工廠。而建筑施工具有流動性的特點，不可能建立這樣的工廠，只能是當每一個建筑工程施工時，建立一個相應的、臨時性的，如同工廠作用性質的施工現場準備，即工地。施工單件性特點與施工流動性特點，決定了每一建筑工程施工都要選擇相應的機具和勞動力組織。選擇施工方法、擬定施工技術方案及其勞動力組織和機具配置，統稱為施工作業能力配置。施工周期的特點，決定了各種勞動力、機具和眾多材料物資技術的供應時間也比較長，這就產生了與施工總進3、度計劃相適應的物資技術的施工組織設計內容。由此可見，施工組織設計在項目管理中是相當重要的。 2施工組織設計方案的重要性建筑產品作為一種商品， 在項目管理中工程質量在整個施工過程中起著極其重要的作用。工程建設項目的施工組織設計與其工程造價有著密切的關系。施工組織設計基本的內容有：工程概況和施工條件的分析、施工方案、施工工藝、施工進度計劃、施工總平面圖。還有經濟分析和施工準備工作計劃。其中,施工方案及施工工藝的確定更為重要,如:施工機械的選擇、水平運輸方法的選擇、土方的施工方法及主體結構的施工方法和施工工藝的選擇等等,均直接影響著工程預算價格的變化。在保證工程質量和滿足業主使用要求及工期要求的前提4、下,優化施工方案及施工工藝是控制投資和降低工程項目造價的重要措施和手段。2.1施工組織方案在很大程度上影響著工程質量，因此合理的施工組織方案不僅是確保工程順利完成的基礎，也是工程安全的依據。施工組織設計是建筑工程設計文件的重要組成部分，是編制工程投資概預算的主要依據和編制招投標文件的主要參考依據。因此，認真做好施工組織設計，對于正確確定工程造價、降低工程投資，從而有利控制工程造價將有十分重要的作用。2.2施工組織方案是對施工活動實行科學管理的重要手段，它具有戰略部署和戰術安排的雙重作用。它體現了實現基本建設計劃和設計的要求，提供了各階段的施工準備工作內容，協調施工過程中各施工工區，各施工工種，5、各項自愿之間的相互關系。施工組織方案必須能夠根據工程產品的特點和要求，根據現有的和可能爭取到的施工條件，從實際出發，決定各種生產要素的基本結合方式，不切實解決問題，就不可能進行任何生產。3施工組織設計的指標計算和分析目前施工組織設計應建立哪些指標還不統一，計算方法也不規范。由于它是評價施工組織設計整體效果和評價執行狀況的尺度，也是對承建工程施工的單位(項目部)生產經營管理水平和效果進行考核的依據。應予重視，提出如下意見。31 指標體系。指標體系的設置要盡量反映施工組織設計目標達到的水平，為評價、考核、執行提供方便。32 指標計算。(1)施工準備期。從現場準備開始到正式工程開工的全部時間。(2)6、單位工程工期。由單位工程施工進度計劃安排的施工期。(3)勞動力不均衡系數。施工期高峰人數與平均人數之比。(4)降低成本額。技術組織措施降低成本的價格成果。(5)降低成本率。降低成本額占承包成本的百分比。(6)施工機械化程度。機械施工完成產值與工程承包造價之比。(7)工廠化施工程度。預制廠(采砂場、采石場)完成的產值與工程承包造價之比。(8)臨時工程投資比例。全部臨時工程投資與工程承包造價之比。(9)臨時工程費用比例。全部臨時工程消耗費用減回收費與工程承包造價之比。33 指標分析。施工組織設計指標與同類工程歷史實際水平相比，可以評價施工組織設計效果；不同施工組織設計方案的指標對比，可以優選方案；7、分析以往歷次同類工程的各項指標的加權數值，可以作為今后再次投標的參考依據。 4施工組織設計的管理隨著社會主義市場經濟的建立,建筑市場的競爭日趨激烈,客觀形勢對施工企業的要求越來越高。不僅在技術裝備、人員素質、施工組織者方面提出較高的要求，而且工程經濟管理工作中有關工程預結算也面臨新的挑戰。嚴謹建筑市場形勢下，有些施工企業沒有積極采取應對措施,對員工的專業技術沒有更新、培訓。科學技術管理水平相當落后。加上對編制審核施工組織設計沒有引起足夠的重視。因此就會出現以下幾種常見的情況：4.1開工前沒有編制審核施工組織設計：不搞施工平面布置圖,材料亂堆亂放。土方運出運進、機械設備、勞動力需求無計劃、工程質8、量、安全施工無保證措施。造成窩工浪費現象嚴重,管理水平較低。 4.2是否是專業人員編制施工組織設計：為應付上級部門及監理單位、甲方檢查而給施工員或資料員代編施工組織設計。因為資料根本對現在的施工管理不了解而又是領導最近安排的，不得不胡亂編造，應付了事。 4.3施工組織設計編制水平低：有的施工單位，不明白施工組織在施工過程中的重要性，寫一寫各分項施工工藝、畫張平面布置圖、工程進度計劃表,便認為是施工組織設計了。 4.4要技術棄經濟：相當多的施工企業單位在編制施工組織設計時。只重視施工組織當中的各分項工程的技術措施。沒有考慮分項工程經濟指標方面內容,導致工程竣工結算時糾紛不斷,蒙受經濟損失。 因此9、，要對施工組織設計進行管理：（1）實行動態管理 工程施工過程中，不可避免地會遇到意想不到的各種問題，如設計變更、自然因素等影響，各階段施工進程的變化造成現場方案的調整，因此必須根據變化了的現場實際進行動態管理，對施工組織設計中不適宜部分進行必須的修改、補充、優化，以達到既定的建設目標。（2）實行分層管理 項目法施工的推行，管理層與作業層分離，以及固定工人逐步減少的情況，勢必引出總承包與分包的現象，中標單位從過去的直接管理、直接技術交底，變為間接管理、間接技術交底，因此應根據施工組織設計進行分層管理，明確總包與分包單位、管理層與作業層的技術權限、職責與工作程序。5結語在項目的施工中，一定要對施工10、組織設計進行監督和控制，確保項目的施工有序，防止施工組織設計流于形式。施工組織設計是工程質量、安全、進度的保障有力措施。在一定的資源條件下實現工程的技術經濟效益，達到施工效益與經濟效益雙贏的目的。Importance of construction organization designSummary:Construction work in the construction process, the construction organization scheme will not only directly affect project quality, duration and safe11、ty also has an important impact in the construction process. Construction organization projects and mentoring in construction of key technical and economic documents. Can regulate the construction people, machines, materials, environment, technology, equipment, construction, installation, management12、, production and other conflicts , monitoring and control of the construction organization design , scientific and reasonable assurance the completion of project of high quality, low cost, low energy consumption.Key words:Project management construction management programme the importance Constructi13、on organization design is the idea of the whole construction process of engineering construction project ideas and specific arrangements, organization and management of construction work is the heart and soul. Its aim is to enable high speed, high quality, efficiency. Engineering-best results when w14、orking in construction as a whole.1 Because of the importance of preparation of construction organization designArchitectural engineering and construction with a fixed and liquidity, diversity and one-piece, form a large and long construction period the three characteristics. Therefore, each constru15、ction engineering construction organization design of construction must be carried out. This is because other general industrial products have their own fixed, long-term application factories. Building construction is characterized by mobility, impossible to build such a plant, only when each of the16、 construction, and establishing an appropriate, provisional, as factory construction site preparation, namely, site. Construction characteristics and construction of single pieces of mobility features, decided to select appropriate equipment for each construction and labor organizations. Constructio17、n technology of construction method of selecting, developing programmes and labour organizations and equipment configuration, collectively known as operation capacity configuration. Construction cycle features determines the labour supply of many material, equipment and technology is a long time, wh18、ich raises the total progress plan of construction material that is appropriate for the construction organization design of technology content. It can be seen that is of considerable importance in construction organization design in project management.2 .Importance of construction organization desig19、nConstruction products as a commodity and engineering quality in project management plays a vital role in the entire construction process. Construction organization design and engineering cost of construction projects has a close relationship. Construction organization design of basic content: proje20、ct overview and analysis of construction conditions, implementation plan, construction technology, construction progress plan and general plan of construction. Further economic analysis and construction preparation plans. , Scheme and construction technology in construction of more important , such 21、as : levels of selection, selection of transport method of construction machinery, earth-moving construction method and construction method and construction technology of main structure of choice and so on , are directly affecting the estimated project price changes. In ensuring project quality and 22、meet the owners subject to the requirements and duration requirements , optimizing construction scheme and construction technology are important measures to control investment and reduce project cost and means.2.1 Construction organization scheme is to a large extent affect project quality, reasonab23、le construction programme is not only to ensure that the basis for successful completion of the construction, safety basis. Construction organization design is an important part of construction design documents, is the main basis for preparation of the project investment budget and preparation of te24、nder documents, the main frame of reference. Therefore, good job in construction organization design, correctly determine project cost, reduce engineering investment, thus enabling to control project cost would have a very important role. 2.2 Construction organization plan of construction activities25、 is an important means of implementing scientific management, it has the dual role of strategic deployment and tactical arrangements. It reflects the requirements of implementing the capital master plan and design provides all phases of construction preparation, coordination of construction during t26、he construction project, the construction trade, the relationship between voluntary. Construction organization scheme must be according to the products characteristics and requirements, based on existing and possible securing construction conditions, realistic, determine how the basic combination of27、 various factors of production, does not solve problems, it is impossible for any production. 3 Construction design calculation and analysis of indicatorsConstruction organization design should be to establish which indicators are not unified, calculation or specification. Because it is the evaluati28、on of construction organization design of the overall assessment of the effectiveness and the status of implementation, as well as project construction units ( project ) production and management levels and to test the effectiveness of the basis. Must be given to, and made the following comments.3 .29、1 Index system. Sets as far as possible reflect the construction organization design of index system of the target level of, and to facilitate the evaluation, examination, implementation. 3 .2 Index calculation. (1) construction preparation phase. Starting from site preparation to the official proje30、ct for all time. (2) project duration. Arranged by unit engineering construction progress plan of construction. (3) labour imbalance coefficient. During peak and the average ratio of the number of. (4) reduce the cost amount. Technical measures to reduce the cost of results. (5) reduce the cost rate31、. Cost reduction percentage of total contract costs. (6) construction mechanization. Mechanical construction completed production and engineering contract cost ratio. (7) the level of industrial construction. Precast factory ( sand excavation, quarries ) completed production and engineering contract32、 cost ratio. (8) the investment proportion of temporary works. All temporary works investment and engineering contracts cost ratio. (9) cost of temporary works. All temporary works cost recovery fees and contract cost reduction ratio. 3.3 Indicator analysis. Construction organization design of indic33、ators as compared to similar projects historical actual levels, can assess the impact construction organization design; different indicators of construction organization design in contrast to optimum programme; analysis of the weighted numerical indicator of previous similar projects could serve as 34、a reference for future bidding again. 4 Management of construction organization designWith the establishment of the Socialist market economy , building increasingly fierce market competition , objective conditions on the construction enterprise requirements getting higher and higher. Not only in ter35、ms of technical equipment, quality of personnel, organizer of construction put forward higher requirements, but also in engineering economics and management work engineering budget and settlement also faces new challenges. Strict construction market situation, some construction companies do not have36、 a positive response , had no update on staff expertise and training. Science and technology management level quite backward. And for the preparation of construction organization design of audit did not attract enough attention. Therefore, there will be several common scenarios:4.1 Before commenceme37、nt of construction organization design of auditing has not been prepared: not to engage in the construction of floor plans , materials of rubble lying around. Earthwork out of transport, machinery and equipment, quality of labor demand planning, engineering, construction without guarantees of securi38、ty. Caused the serious waste of idling , lower levels of management. 4.2 Is the professional preparation of construction organization design: to cope with higher authorities and supervision units, the customer shall check and construction construction organization design for information or addendum.39、 Because the information simply dont know about now, construction management and leadership has recently arranged, had to make up indiscriminately to deal with. 4.3 Low levels of construction organization design preparation: some construction units, do not understand the importance of construction o40、rganization in the construction process, write about the construction process, draw a floor plan, project schedule , is considered to be construction organization plan. 4.4 Abandoned technology economy: a considerable number of units at the time of preparation of construction organization design in 41、construction enterprise. Only importance to the construction of the project of technical measures. Content does not take into account economic indicators , leading to projects completion settlement of disputes continue , causing economic losses. Therefore, the management of construction organization42、 design:(1) the introduction of dynamic managementConstruction process, inevitably will encounter unexpected problems, such as impact, natural factors such as design changes, change field programmes of each stage of the construction process adjustments must therefore be based on dynamic management o43、f engineering field, not suitable for construction organization design section must be modified, supplemented, optimization, to reach the established goal.(2) Implementation of hierarchical management Project law construction of introduced, management layer and job layer separation, and fixed worker44、s gradually reduced of situation, will leads total contract and points package of phenomenon, bid units from past of directly management, and directly technology low-down, becomes indirect management, and indirect technology low-down, therefore should according to construction organization design fo45、r tiered management, clear total package and points package units, and management layer and job layer of technology permission, and duties and work program.5 Closing remarksIn the construction of the project, be sure to oversight and control of the construction organization design to ensure project 46、construction in order to prevent construction organization design of formality. Progress of the construction organization design of project quality, security, strong measures of protection. In conditions of considerable resources to achieve economic benefit of the project and achieve the win-win purpose construction and economic benefit.