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1、題目：君山二期工程施工組織設計一、外文原文：1. Design project management1.1 Choosing the planning practiceChoosing a suitable planning practice is extremely important. Introducing a pre-qualification process provides essential insights about efficiency, specialist knowledge and quality: three to five applicants receive p2、reliminary design documents and the building programme. Then interviews are held, reference evidence examined and the practices visited on the spot. But the key features are planning quality, knowledge of materials, degree of detail, and CAD and office equipment. The ability to coordinate building a3、nd technical planning is particularly relevant.1.2 Design and authorization planningCoordination and control of the planning process and content are particularly important in this planning phase. In no circumstances should planning in China be left to the design institute alone. Regular planning and4、 coordination meetings examine the planning process in its entirety to ensure that guidelines and standards are being met. It is important to coordinate routing and to check for collision points.1.3 Working plansRegular coordination, control and support are also required at the final planning stage.5、 Coordinating building and technical workers within the planning team is often a weak point as well. Important details and technical specifications have to be demanded. It is not usual in China to present details on a scale of 1:20 to 1:5, and these planning features have to be insisted on; a great 6、deal of convincing argument will be needed.1.4 Invitation to tender and tender awardsTender documents drawn up to Chinese standards are less detailed than comparable Western tender documents. Considerable importance should be attached to detailed working drawings. Drawings should be ranked before te7、nder documents. It is not permissible to insist on specific product makes. Materials must be described neutrally in terms of product. This means that the building firm is able to use inferior materials without the clients agreement. This often results in buildings with serious deficiencies in qualit8、y and execution. To avoid these negative consequences, architects try to go beyond the standard guidelines to prevent the use of inferior quality materials. Also, Chinese planning and industrial standards are antiquated and do not yet meet national or international standards.As a rule, five to ten f9、irms (general contractors or firms offering individual services) are invited to tender. Often foreign firms with branches in China are invited as well. Bids from such firms come out well above those of their Chinese competitors.After the bids have been evaluated, negotiations are conducted with the 10、most reasonable bidders. Awards are decided on the basis of reference projects, quality of execution and evaluations of special proposals. Because the subsoil is so poor, the use of deep foundations on alluvial land is widespread. To gain time, the underground engineering work can be put out to earl11、ier tender and award to specialist building firms.1.5 Building and completion phaseThe legislation requires using local site supervision and a quantity surveyor (see Chapter B 2.2). Site supervision requirements are not the same as the standard German site supervision requirements laid down in HOAI,12、 Phase 8. Chinese site supervision practices offer the following service pattern under the headings quality monitoring and safety management:- examining the working plans- quality control for building materials- quality control for building plant and equipment- building site safety- checking current13、 building progress- examining the qualifications of the building site personnel- demanding and examining inventory documentsOnly building sites that also convey an impression of an orderly approach can produce quality and work effectively. This includes cleanliness and safety. Chinese building sites14、 need pioneering work in this field. It does not make any sense to compel the contractor to adopt a particular working programme that runs counter to his own ideas. It is in fact advisable to make concessions in order to make best use of the available production and fitting methods. Quality control 15、starts even in the planning phase. In the actual building phase, care should be taken to ensure that the required materials are really used, and that product-specific fitting requirements are met.The contractor can make alternative proposals to the tender standards. These are examined and approved o16、n the basis of specimens and references. It has turned out to be worthwhile to build specimen rooms before the actual building phase starts, to test the guidelines for details and materials and introduce improvements to materials and details in good time. It is essential to check and approve the qua17、lity of finish in the form of mock-ups before production begins for facades, roof areas and other critical parts of the building.1.6 DocumentationThe quality control process ends with the correction of faults and the start-up phase. Buildings are officially accepted in China at the point of final ac18、ceptance. The quality bureau, the fire prevention department and the environmental health office have to approve in order to ensure successful acceptance. The as-complete plans should be drawn up by the planning practice, as the building firm usually delivers these too late, and in poor quality.1.7 19、CommunicationIt is a characteristic feature of Chinese building projects that a large number of participants have to work together, under pressure from deadlines and cost factors, on the basis of differing information from various locations. This creates the necessity for a digital platform that giv20、es those involved in the project access to up-to-date documents and the ability to communicate with the same aims in mind and to keep up with the work as it needs to be done. But the project management team should have access to central scheduling and work monitoring, including reporting. These syst21、ems link those involved in the project, control the workflow, and distribute news, documents and information.2 Planning and building costs2.1 Quantity surveyingChinese quantity surveyors provide the same services as their English model. Quantity surveying is the generic term for cost planning and co22、st control. Quantity surveying includes tender award and contract management, both of which are part of the cost control process. The quantity surveyor is commissioned by the client directly and assists with planning and controlling project investment. He represents the clients financial interests t23、hroughout the entire course of the project. During the realization phase the quantity surveyor evaluates the level of work completed so that part payments and supplementary demands can be fixed, assists in warding off complaints, or evaluates and negotiates with the company over justifiable addition24、al demands. Effective cost control is carried out within the project management framework. All the costings are noted in a cost monitoring system. Cost monitoring is not a passive system. Precise project control means that cost changes can be identified even in the initial phase. Causes and effects 25、of measures affecting costs are conveyed to the project management team at an early stage so that counter-measures can be introduced where necessary.Cost reduction opportunities are largely exhausted by the end of the planning phase.The diagram makes it clear that realization decisions made in the e26、arly planning phases crucially influence fixing the cost framework. The importance of control increases when planning is concluded and during the realization phase.Despite the overwhelming volume of investment by Western standards, professional cost and schedule control rarely occurs in China. Moreo27、ver, clients who are commercially successful and put a great deal of money into building projects often have no knowledge of how to implement and control planning and building work, and often rely on their experience in other industries. Even though the predominant Chinese enterprise culture is not 28、comparable with the Western world, professional project management will be indispensable in future if building investment is to accomplish its aims.二、外文譯文：1.1 選擇一個切實可行的規劃方式選擇一個切實可行的規劃方式是很重要的。采用一種資格預審的方式能夠給工作效率、專業知識和產品質量提供必要的洞察力：三到五個投標人能夠獲得項目的初步設計文件和項目規劃方案。接著進行面談，以實證考察和現場勘探表現為依據。但是最關鍵的因素是單位的規劃質量、具備的材29、料知識、注重細節的程度、以及計算機輔助設計和辦公設備。畢竟協調建設和技術規劃的能力相當密切的。1.2設計和授權規劃協調和控制規劃過程及內容在規劃階段當中是相當重要的。在中國，任何情況下都不能把設計工作單獨留給設計院。定期進行規劃和開展協調會議以此檢查整個規劃過程，這樣才能確保指導方針和標準真正能夠起到作用。這對協調指定的工藝流程路線和檢查出產生矛盾的點是很重要的。1.3工作計劃在規劃的最后階段，仍然需要常規協調、控制管理、各種技術支持。協調建設過程進度和技術工人的工作往往是整個規劃隊伍里面的薄弱環節。對于比較重要的細節和技術規范都必須作出嚴格地要求。1:20到1:5這樣的一個細節方面的比例在目30、前的中國是很少見的，我們必須堅持這樣的規劃特點，鼓勵團隊成員們積極進行這方面的討論。1.4邀請投標和投標獎勵在起草的投標文件方面，中國的文件詳細程度遠遠比不上西方國家做得好。值得考慮的一個重要的方面是，應該對工作圖紙的詳細程度給于足夠的關注。在投標之前，應該對工程圖紙的詳細好壞程度進行排名。不能允許一意孤行地堅持使用特殊產品的決定。在所有列入考慮的材料當中，都要對任何一種材料進行客觀中立的描述。這就是說，在文件詳細程度上做得不夠的話，可能建設單位在沒有經過業主的同意，就可以使用劣質材料進行建設。這往往會導致建筑物在質量和使用方面存在嚴重的缺陷。要避免這些不良影響，建筑師需要跳出標準的指導方針的31、限制，進行適當變通，以此來避免建設過程中使用劣等材料的行為。因為中國的很多建設規劃和行業標準都顯得滯后，跟不上國家標準更跟不上國際標準。設計院起草細圖紙設計院出圖設計院編制投標文件設計院批準投標文件設計院確定最終投標文件設計院分派投標文件估算項目造價業主接受投標業主選擇投標人投標單位報價業主評價談判、簽訂合同邀請投標和獎勵的流程圖這方面有個規定，一般邀請五到十架建設單位（傳統的承包商或者是能夠提供獨立完整建設服務的個體團隊）進行投標。當然了，國外的建設公司在中國的分支機構也會得到邀請。通常這些國外公司的報價往往會高于國內的其他競爭者。在對所有的投標進行評估后，選出幾個個最合理的投標者進行詳細談32、判。是否中標取決于他們對項目的質量評估和給出的特殊建議。因為建筑的基礎很差，而在沖積土地上使用深基礎是很普遍的。為了能夠爭取時間，地下工程部分可以讓早期的且這方面的專家較多的建設單位進行建設。1.5建設和竣工階段法律上規定，這兩個階段需要監理進行現場監督，也需要一定數量的測量人員（詳見B章2.2節）。現場監督的標準不同于德國的所要求的，坐標符合HOAI、相位8。中國的現場監督活動要提供以下的服務模式，正如下列標題所說的“質量監控”和“安全管理”：-檢查工作計劃-建筑材料的質量控制-建設生產廠房和設備的質量控制-建設施工現場的安全工作-檢查控制當前的項目進度-檢查施工現場工作人員的從業資格-嚴格33、按要求檢查相關庫存文件施工現場只有建筑用地，這會給人傳達一種思想：一個井然有序的方法能夠生產出有質量保證的產品并且高效率工作。這也包括清潔和安全。中國的建筑行業領域需要先驅者為其注入新鮮血液。強迫承包商采用一種與自己意愿相違背的特殊方法是沒有意義的。實際上，做出這方面的讓步是及其明智的，這樣能夠使現有的生產作業方法和施工模式得到最充分的利用。項目的質量控制在規劃階段就應該開始了。在建設進行階段，要小心謹慎細心把關，確保需要的建材是真材實料，需要的特殊部件能夠合適的安裝到位。對于承包商來說，他們可以提出能夠替代投標標準的建議。這些建議需要審核，在承包商提供的樣本和參考資料的基礎上決定是否批準。事34、實證明，在建設階段進行之前很有必要設立一個樣本養護室，以便更詳細的測試材料的細部性能，在合適的時間提出改善材料的方法。在開始進行的建筑的外墻、屋頂和其他關鍵部位的施工前，對部件模型的質量進行檢查和審核是很游戲要的。1.6文件材料隨著故障的糾正和項目的正式投入使用，質量控制階段也就結束了。在中國，建筑只有在最終驗收完成后才能被人們所接受。為了順利完成驗收，質量監督局、消防中心和環保辦公室都不得不批準。隨著計劃的實施，完整的規劃書應該盡早起草并完善結束，不能指望施工單位，因為在這方面他們的動作是在是太慢了。1.7交流中國的項目建設有一大顯著的特點：有很多的參與者在為同一個項目共同工作著，他們頂著工35、期進度和成本費用的壓力，可是卻接收著來自不同地區的不同信息。這就為數字交流平臺的產生創造了條件，數字平臺給所有的參與者提供了最新的文檔材料信息，也讓大家能夠在上面自由交流，為了共同的目標做應該做的事。但是該項目的管理團隊要接受統一調控和工作監督，包括所有的報告。這個系統把所有參與進項目的人都連接起來，控制著工作流程、及時發布新聞、文檔和信息。2規劃和建設成本2.1 工程造價估算中國的造價師提供著與榜樣（英國測算員）相同的服務。造價估算是成本計劃和成本控制的專業術語。造價估算包括招標獎勵和合同管理，這些都是成本費用的組成部分。造價員直接接受業主的委托并協助控制規劃和項目投資。在整個項目建設過程中36、，造價員代表了業主的財務利益。在即將完工階段，造價員需要評估項目的完成程度，這樣方便控制部分付款和額外支出，使之穩定不增長。這也有助于避免爭端，與有額外補償要求的公司進行協商。有效的成本控制是建立在成本管理框架上的。所有的支出款項在成本控制系統里面都有記錄。成本控制是一個主動過程。真正精確地項目控制，即使在項目的最初階段就能夠識別出后續將要發生變動的成本。影響成本的因素和措施盡早地傳遞到項目管理團隊當中的話，有助于及時有效地采取相對應的措施。隨著規劃階段的結束，降低成本的機會也大大地減少了。通過圖表，可以很清楚地看出在早期規劃階段做出的實踐決定對固定成本框架起到了很大程度的影響。隨著規劃階段的結束和實施階段的開始，成本控制變得越來越重要。盡管受到西方國家巨額投資標準的影響，但是我國的項目管理還是不重視成本和進度控制。更糟糕的是，在生意上取得成功的業主，他們把大量的資金投入到了項目當中，但是卻不知道如何實施計劃和管理建設工作，還天真的用他們在生意上的經驗來處理問題。雖然主要的中國企業文化同西方國家沒有可比性，但是在接下來的建設當中，我們若想要實現投資的真正價值，那么專業化的項目管理是必不可少的。