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1、淺析兩種錨桿施工技術的不同施工方案中英文Analyses two kinds of different construction schemes of anchor rod construction technology近年來，水利水電工程中一些大規模的地下洞室工程越來越多。從跨度與邊墻角度來說，地下廠房的規模同以前相比都有了很大的增長。在開挖過程中，對巖體的穩定性會造成一定影響。其中原因有很多，主要由于巖體的應力分布發生了不均勻變化。由于應力分布的重組，產生了塑性區或拉力區。再加上先天地理條件的影響。進而就會導致圍巖的松動甚至事故。因此，為了保持巖體穩定，防止工程中出現不必要的損失，需要做好2、支護工作。In recent years, some large scale underground caverns in water conservancy and hydropower project engineering more and more. From span and side wall Angle, the size of the underground powerhouse with there were a lot of growth than ever before. In the process of excavation, can cause certain in3、fluence to the stability of the rock mass. In which there are many reasons, mainly due to the uneven changes have taken place in the stress distribution of rock mass. Due to the restructuring of the stress distribution, plastic zone and tensile zone. Coupled with the natural geographical conditions.4、 Which will lead to the surrounding rock looseness or even accidents. Therefore, in order to keep the stability of rock mass, to prevent the occurrence of unnecessary loss in the project, the need to do a good job of supporting.本文以某水電站地下廠房為例，主要對普通預應力錨桿施工技術與水泥藥卷預應力錨桿施工技術進行了對比，通過探討分析，最終選擇了后者作為本工程的施工方案5、。Taking a hydropower station underground factory building as an example, the main of common prestressed construction technology of anchor and cement cartridge prestressed anchor rod construction technology to carry on the contrast, through the analysis, finally chose the latter, as the project const6、ruction scheme.一、工程概況及施工方案處理A processing, engineering survey and construction scheme某水電站地下廠房，開挖跨度為25.2米。開挖高度為76.2米。從工程實際角度看，由于地下洞室較多，因而支護措施也不少。原計劃采用水泥砂漿預應力錨桿技術，可后來考慮到該方案不管是從施工難度還是從施工成本角度來說都不是最好的。主要因為錨固段進行水泥灌漿之時要考慮到事后的養護問題。養護時間很長，一般在14到16天左右；這樣就由于施工難度過大而耽誤了下一次開挖的時間。如果要用吊車施工來進行開挖工作，將增大施工成本。而且該工程地質條件也不7、允許由于養護而耽誤張拉時間。最終決定用水泥藥卷預應力錨桿施工技術。A hydropower station underground powerhouse, the excavation span of 25.2 meters. Excavation height is 76.2 m. From engineering point of view, for reasons of large underground caverns, and support measures. Had planned to use cement mortar prestressed anchor technolog8、y, then consider the solution no matter from the construction difficulty or from the Angle of construction cost is not the best. Mainly because of the anchoring of the cement grout should consider when the ex post maintenance problems. Curing time is very long, generally in 14 to 16 days or so; This9、 is due to the large construction difficulty and delay for the excavation of the next time. If you want to use crane construction for excavation work, will increase the construction cost. And the engineering geological conditions are not allowed to delay tensioning time due to maintenance. Finally d10、ecided to use cement cartridge prestressed anchor rod construction technology.二、水泥藥卷預應力錨桿Second, cement cartridge prestressed anchor本工程用水泥藥卷錨固材料代替了水泥灌漿。這種材料分速凝和緩凝兩種，速凝型半小時左右凝固，6小時強度達到設計要求；緩凝型的18小時左右才凝固。它就是利用緩凝和速凝的時間差來張拉錨桿達到錨固圍巖的目的，這是一種全粘結式的預應力錨桿。這種注裝水泥藥卷的預應力錨桿和普通水泥漿灌注的預應力錨桿相比優點很多。第一，普通砂漿預應力錨桿桿體上有灌漿管11、排氣管、止漿閥，而水泥藥卷預應力錨桿制作時不需設置，既降低了成本又增加了錨固面積；第二，普通砂漿預應力錨桿是先插桿后灌漿的錨桿，它的孔徑大灌漿多。水泥藥卷預應力錨桿是先灌漿后插桿的錨桿，它的孔徑小灌漿少。第三，普通砂漿預應力錨桿要分兩次灌漿，水泥藥卷預應力錨桿一次性灌漿即可。第四，普通砂漿預應力錨桿要 15天左右才可張拉，水泥藥卷預應力錨桿只需要6小時左右即可張拉。This project with cement cartridge anchoring material to replace the cement grout. The material divide into two kin12、ds, quick-setting gentle setting type quick-setting solidification around half an hour, six hours and intensity to meet the design requirements; Retarded type of 18 hours before solidification. It is using the retarded and quick-setting lag to tensioning bolt to achieve the objective of the anchored13、 rock mass, which is a type of prestressed anchor. The injection of cement cartridge prestressed anchor advantages compared with ordinary cement slurry infusion prestressed anchor. First, prestressed anchor rod body with ordinary mortar grouting pipe and exhaust pipe, check valve, and prestressed an14、chor cement cartridge production dont need to be set, reducing both the cost and increase the anchorage area; Second, the ordinary mortar of prestressed anchor rod is inserted rod before grouting anchor, its large aperture grouting. Cement cartridge prestressed anchor rod is first after grouting anc15、hor rod, its aperture small grouting. Third, prestressed anchor to two ordinary mortar grouting, prestressed anchor cement cartridge one-time grouting. Fourth, the ordinary mortar only can be tensioned prestressed anchor to 15 days or so, prestressed anchor cement cartridge only need 6 hours or so c16、an be tensioned.（一）錨桿造孔及制作(a) anchor pore-forming and making錨桿造孔可以用專門的錨桿臺車造孔，也可以塔架子用手風鉆造孔。錨桿孔一般是深淺孔梅花型布置，孔深不小于桿體的有效長度，且不大于桿體3cm，孔向按洞室輪廓線的法向布置，孔距不大于張拉段長度的一半，孔徑大于桿體直徑 15mm。錨桿材料采用精扎螺紋鋼筋，可以在金屬加工廠制作。錨桿由三個部分組成，錨固段、張拉段，外錨頭。錨桿桿體每隔 2到4米設一對支架，以保證桿體插入孔中時在孔的軸線上且被錨固膠結材料包裹，外錨頭包括混凝土墊塊、鋼墊板、墊圈和錨夾具外錨頭應作防銹處理。錨固段按下式計算：17、L=a/dQL為錨固長度，為安全系數，a為錨桿超張拉力，D是其孔徑，Q為材料與孔壁的結合強度。Anchor drill holes can use special anchor jumbo drill holes, also can use hand drill pore-forming tower shelf. Bolt hole is commonly MeiHuaXing depth hole arrangement, hole depth of not less than the effective length of the rod body, and no more than 3 18、cm, rod body hole to to decorate, according to the method of the profile of cavity hole distance not greater than half of tensioning length, aperture is greater than the rod diameter of 15 mm. Bolt material with fine thread reinforcing steel bar, can be made in metal processing plants. Bolt is made 19、up of three parts, the anchoring, tensioning section, the anchor head. Anchor rod body set a pair of bracket every 2 to 4 meters, to ensure that the axis of the rod body is inserted into the hole in the middle of the hole and is anchored on cementing material package, the anchor head including concr20、ete cushion block, steel plate, washer and anchor fixture anchor head should make antirust processing. Anchoring press type calculation: L = rho a/PI dQL as anchorage length, rho for safety coefficient, a is super tension anchor, D is the diameter, the Q for bonding strength of materials with the po21、re wall.（二）灌漿和錨桿安裝(2) of the grouting and anchor installation本水電站地下廠房預應力錨桿灌漿材料采用的是速凝和緩凝水泥藥卷錨固材料。這種材料是用濾紙將錨固材料包裹起來，其外形如同竹節，每節長25厘米，有多種規格，選用材料時應和錨桿桿體直徑相同。藥卷注裝前，根據試驗和理論計算出錨固段所需注裝速凝水泥藥卷數量和張拉段所需注裝緩凝水泥藥卷數量，將速凝藥卷放在水中泡2分鐘左右，用注裝設備把速凝藥卷送入孔內，再將注裝藥卷的管子由孔底向孔口慢慢拔出。速凝藥卷裝完后，用相同的方法把緩凝藥卷裝入孔內。藥卷裝完后，把錨桿緩緩裝入孔中，再用速凝藥卷把孔口22、找平，將墊板、墊圈和螺帽戴上，6小時后張拉。注裝這種預應力錨桿時，應在技術員的監督和參與下，選用操作熟練的錨桿工按以下步驟進行操作:首先，注裝前檢查孔深并把孔內巖粉沖洗干凈；所使用的材料及其附加劑中不得含有硝酸鹽、亞硝酸鹽等；氯離子含量不得超過重量的0.02%；然后按試驗和計算結果把速凝藥卷和緩凝藥卷打入孔中，然后把錨桿送入孔內，必須在半小時內完成，因為半小時后速凝藥卷將凝固，錨桿就無法插入孔底；最后注裝錨桿時應現場編號記錄注裝時間，以便張拉。This hydropower station underground powerhouse prestressed anchor grouting m23、aterial USES is quick-setting gentle cement cartridge anchoring material. This material is wrapped with filter paper will anchor material, its appearance is like bamboo, each section 25 cm long and a variety of specifications, when choosing materials with anchor rod diameter is the same. Cartridge n24、ote before, according to the test and theoretical calculation of the anchorage segment the note number quick-setting cement cartridge and tensioning section required injection retarding cement cartridge number, soak quick-setting cartridge in water for 2 minutes, the quick-setting cartridge with inj25、ection device into the hole, then charge injection volume tube from the bottom of the hole orifice slowly pulled up. After the quick-setting medicine package, use the same method the retarding cartridge into the hole. After the medicine package, put the anchor slowly into the hole, then use the quic26、k-setting cartridge orifice leveling, will wear plate, washer and nut, tensioning after 6 hours. Note with this kind of prestressed anchor, and participate in the supervision of technicians, selects the operation skill of the anchor working according to the following steps: first of all, note before27、 inspection hole depth and hole rock powder is rinsed clean; Must not be found in the materials and its additives used by nitrate, nitrite, etc.; Chloride ion content shall not exceed 0.02% of the weight; Then according to the test and calculation results quick-setting cartridge gentle gel cartridge28、 into the hole, and then put the bolt into the hole, must be finished in half an hour, because after half an hour quick-setting cartridge will be solidified, bolt cannot be inserted into the bottom of the hole; Last note with anchor note shall be recorded in the serial number is loaded, so that the 29、tension.（三）預應力錨桿張拉(3) the prestressed bolt tensioning水泥藥卷預應力錨桿的原理就是利用錨固段的速凝水泥藥卷已凝固并提供強度，而張拉段緩凝水泥藥卷還未凝固這段時間來張拉錨桿達到錨固圍巖的目的，它的張拉時段要控制好，必須要在錨桿注裝完成后的 6到18小時之間完成，所以施工人員一定要對照記錄按時張拉。錨桿的張拉力應分級施加，逐級增加至超張拉值。每級張拉荷載應持荷5分鐘，錨桿鎖定后，當預應力損失超過設計張拉力的10%時，應進行補強張拉。Cement cartridge prestressed anchor principle is the use o30、f the anchoring of quick-setting cement cartridge has been solidified and provide strength, and tension segment retarded cement cartridge is not set this time to tensioning bolt to achieve the objective of the anchored surrounding rock, its tensile, time to control good, must be in after completion 31、of loading of the bolt between six to 18 hours to complete, so the construction personnel must be controlled tensioned record on time. Bolt tension should be graded on, step by step to super tension values. Tension load per level should hold charge for 5 minutes, after bolt lock, when the prestresse32、d loss more than 10% of the design tension, should carry on the reinforcement tensioning.隨著社會經濟發展的加快，我國水利水電工程施工工程量也會越來越大。各種先進的施工技術不斷涌現。我國水利水電工程已經逐步從過去的老舊施工模式轉變為全新的施工模式。即：較高的施工技術，較低的施工成本，較高的工程效率。作為工程技術人員，應對需要改進的施工工藝加以有效地改良，以避免出現不必要的損失。使相關水利水電工程發揮出其應有的作用。With the speeding up of the social and economic33、 development, Chinas water resources and hydropower engineering construction quantity also will be more and more big. Advanced construction technology of various kinds are springing up constantly. Water conservancy and hydropower engineering in China has been gradually change from the old constructi34、on model for the construction of the new model. I.e., higher construction technology, lower construction cost, higher efficiency of the project. As engineering technical personnel, should be effective to improve construction technology improvement, in order to avoid unnecessary loss. Make the relevant water conservancy and hydropower engineering play its proper role.