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1、阿富汗五座城市的戰略發展框架StrategicDevelopmentFrameworksforFiveCitiesinAfghanistan對戰略性和可實施的催化性項目和政策框架的基礎上，對阿富汗城市未來的大膽而全面的構想AboldandholisticvisionforAfghanistansurbanfuture,groundedinastrategicandimplementableframeworkofcatalyticprojectsandpolicies業主CLIENT：世界銀行，阿富汗城市發展和土地部（MUDL）WorldBank,AfghanistanMinistryofUrb2、anDevelopmentandLand(MUDL)位置LOCATION：赫拉特，賈拉拉巴德，坎大哈，霍斯特和阿富汗馬扎爾Herat,Jalalabad,Kandahar,Khost,andMazar,Afghanistan專業領域SERVICES：規劃與城市設計PlanningandUrbanDesign現況STATUS：2020年6月完成CompletedJune2020幾個世紀以來，阿富汗城市一直是國際貿易和文化的樞紐。如今，在三十年的動蕩之中，該國正在努力利用經濟和文化資產來創造繁榮的城市，并滿足該國不斷增長的城市人口的基本需求。Forcenturies,Afghancitieswer3、ehubsofinternationalcommerceandculture.Today,amidstthreedecadesofinstability,thecountryisstrugglingtoleverageeconomicandculturalassetstocreateprosperouscitiesandmeetthebasicneedsofthecountrysgrowingurbanpopulation.Sasaki與總統阿什拉夫加尼（AshrafGhani）和城市發展與土地部緊密合作，致力于制定一個大膽的愿景，以指導阿富汗五個最大城市中的戰略發展：赫拉特，賈拉拉巴德，坎大4、哈，霍斯特和馬扎里沙里夫。這些愿景將使地方政府能夠在面向未來的同時，應對阿富汗每個城市面臨的緊迫挑戰：非正式和可負擔住房，文化遺產的保護，水資源的保護以及發展彈性基礎設施以減輕環境危害。戰略發展框架本身作為規劃和政策文件，闡明了明確的愿景，并為未來在每個城市的投資制定了路線圖。WorkingcloselywithPresidentAshrafGhaniandtheMinistryofUrbanDevelopmentandLand,SasakiworkedtodevelopaboldvisiontoguidestrategicdevelopmentinfiveofAfghanistanslarg5、estcities:Herat,Jalalabad,Kandahar,Khost,andMazar-e-Sharif.ThesevisionswillenablelocalgovernmentstobuildtowardsthefuturewhileaddressingtheimmediatechallengesthateachAfghancityfaces:informalityandaffordablehousing,thepreservationofculturalheritage,protectionof water resources,and the development of r6、esilient infrastructure to mitigate environmental hazards.The StrategicDevelopmentFrameworksthemselves,asplanningandpolicydocuments,articulateaclearvisionandestablisharoadmapforfutureinvestmentineachcity.Together,theydefineacohesiveapproachtourbanplanningatthenationalscalewhilebuildingmanagementcapa7、cityatthelocallevel.前所未有的地方參與努力確保了公平的計劃流程，整合了現有舉措和眾多利益相關者的觀點Anunprecedentedlocalengagementeffortensuredanequitableplanningprocess,integratingexistinginitiativesaswellasviewsraisedbyawiderangeofstakeholders與社區焦點小組進行的一系列咨詢研討會補充了每個城市的800多項家庭調查Aseriesofconsultationworkshopswithcommunityfocusgroupscomple8、mentedmorethan800householdsurveysineachcity包容性的國家和地方政策包容性的國家和地方政策AnInclusiveApproachtoNationalandLocalPolicy跨部門分散和地方一級缺乏能力是許多發展中國家面臨的挑戰。在阿富汗，自衛隊旨在支持更大的努力來建立各個城市的管理能力，并圍繞一個具有凝聚力的總體愿景團結各部委。在最高政府機構中，佐佐木幸幸能夠與總統阿什拉夫加尼（AshrafGhani）以及城市發展與土地部，地方治理獨立局，商業和工業部，農業，灌溉部的領導緊密合作。和生計。這些領導人中的每一個都強調了讓地方政府和民間社會領導人參與的包9、容性方法的重要性，并反映了最脆弱的阿富汗人的經驗和需求。Fragmentationacrosssectorsandalackofcapacityatthelocallevelisachallengefacedbymanydevelopingcountries.InAfghanistan,theSDFswereintendedtosupportamuchlargerefforttobuildthemanagementcapacityofindividualcitiesandtounitedifferentministriesaroundacohesiveoverarchingvision.Att10、hehighestlevelsofgovernment,SasakiwasfortunateenoughtoworkcloselywithPresidentAshrafGhaniandtheleadershipoftheMinistry ofUrbanDevelopmentandLand,theIndependentDirectorateofLocalGovernance,theMinistry ofCommerceandIndustry,theMinistryofAgriculture,Irrigation,andLivelihoods.Eachoftheseleadersemphasize11、dtheimportanceofaninclusiveapproachthatengagedlocalgovernmentandcivilsocietyleaders,andreflectedtheexperiencesandneedsofthemostvulnerableAfghans.Sasakiworkedcloselywithateamoflocalplanninganddevelopmentconsultantstodevelopacomprehensiveoutreachandengagementprocess,withanemphasisonwomen,IDPs,andyouth12、:4,000多項家庭調查Over4,000HouseholdSurveys超過250項關鍵信息訪問Over250KeyInformantInterviews超過40個焦點小組討論Over40FocusGroupDiscussions在每個城市還與主要利益相關者和實施合作伙伴舉行了利益相關者研討會。每個研討會的第一部分著重于通過SWOT會議以及確定主要驅動因素和關鍵主題來獲取有關城市的信息。然后要求利益相關者確定目標，行動和實施的潛在承諾的優先級。在每個講習班結束時，舉行了一次公開演講和遠景會議，其中包括更多的社區領導人和民間社會利益相關者。Astakeholderworkshopwasalso13、heldineachcitywithkeystakeholdersandimplementationpartners.ThefirstcomponentofeachworkshopfocusedonelicitinginformationaboutthecitiesthroughaSWOTsessionandtheidentificationofkeydriversandcriticalthemes.Stakeholderswerethenaskedtoprioritizegoals,actions,andpotentialcommitmentsforimplementation.Atthec14、onclusionofeachworkshop,anopenhousepresentationandvisioningsessionwasheld,toincludealargergroupofcommunityleadersandcivilsocietystakeholders.關鍵主題根據每個城市的未來愿景的關鍵組成部分組織戰略發展框架CriticalThemesorganizestrategicdevelopmentframeworksalongkeycomponentsofafuturevisionforeachcity以實施為導向的框架將關鍵主題與可行的戰略目標和推動性項目聯系在一起15、Animplementationdrivenframeworktiescriticalthemestoactionablestrategicobjectivesandcatalyticprojects彈性和公平的城市增性和公平的城市增長策略策略ResilientandEquitableStrategiesforUrbanGrowth赫拉特，賈拉拉巴德，坎大哈，霍斯特和馬扎爾是阿富汗各自地區的政治，經濟和文化樞紐。戰略發展框架跨部門和跨部門；它們超越了市政界限，并考慮到了阿富汗阿富汗城鄉統籌中每個城市運作方式的復雜現實。每個SDF被組織為五個主題領域，強調需要跨部門合作，同時確定具體實施者。He16、rat,Jalalabad,Kandahar,Khost,andMazararepolitical,economicandculturalhubsfortheirrespectiveregionswithinAfghanistan.TheStrategicDevelopmentFrameworkscrossscalesandsectors;theylookbeyondmunicipalboundariesandtakeintoaccountthecomplexrealitiesofhoweachcityfunctionswithinAfghanistansurban-ruralcontinuu17、m.EachSDFwasorganizedintofivethematicareas,highlightingtheneedtoforcross-sectoralcooperationwhileidentifyingspecificactorsforimplementation.主主題1：城市增：城市增長與與發展展解決了阿富汗城市經歷的人口快速增長的問題，并為每個城市制定了可持續戰略，以在未來20年內吸收這些新人口Theme 1:Urban Growth and DevelopmentaddressedtherapidpopulationgrowthexperiencedbyAfghancit18、iesandarticulatedasustainablestrategyforeachcitytoabsorbthisnewpopulationoverthenext20years主主題2：復原力社區：復原力社區開發了應對阿富汗城市面臨的最緊迫挑戰的方法，從基本基礎設施到婦女權利Theme 2:Resilient CommunitiesdevelopedapproachestothemostpressingchallengesfacedbyAfghanistanscities,frombasicinfrastructuretowomensrights主主題3：遺產和文化景和文化景觀力圖保護和19、利用每個城市的大量自然和建筑遺產Theme 3:Heritage and Cultural Landscapessoughttoprotectandleveragetheconsiderablenaturalandbuiltheritageineachcity主主題4：生：生計和和農業經濟確定了每個城市的競爭優勢，制定了加強經濟價值鏈的戰略，并構想了每個城市作為國際貿易和投資的門戶。Theme 4:Livelihoods and the Agricultural Economyidentifiedthecompetitiveadvantagesofeachcity,developedstrat20、egiestostrengtheneconomicvaluechains,andenvisionedeachcityasagatewayforinternationaltradeandinvestment.主主題5：包容性：包容性計劃和治理劃和治理重點是在地方和國家兩級加強機構能力的政策和倡議Theme 5:Inclusive Planning and Governancefocusedonpoliciesandinitiativestostrengtheninstitutionalcapacityatthelocalandnationallevels對遺產區域進行嚴格的制圖，可以保護和整合每21、個城市具有文化意義的遺址Rigorousmappingofheritageareasallowedforthepreservationandintegrationofsitesofculturalsignificanceineachcity阿富汗城市以歷史悠久的核心地區為特征Afghancitiesarecharacterizedbydensehistoriccoreareas赫拉特老城再生策略HeratOldCityregenerationstrategies赫拉特舊城的戰略干預措施改善了居民的生活質量并促進了節約型經濟StrategicinterventionsintheOldCityof22、Heratimprovesqualityoflifeforresidentsandfostersaconservationeconomy重新定義Herat的增長軌跡以進行結構化擴張RedefiningthegrowthtrajectoryofHeratforstructuredexpansion鄰里升級和結構化擴張保護了穆沙拉（Musallah）建筑群和宣禮塔等重要遺產NeighborhoodupgradeandstructuredexpansionprotectskeyheritagesitesliketheMusallahcomplexandminarets通過社區綜合設施和增加的社會住房23、升級社區Neighborhoodupgradewithintegratedcommunityfacilitiesandincrementalsocialhousing景觀和生態分析根據環境和農業意義建立了重點保護區Landscapeandecologyanalysisestablishedkeyconservationareasbasedonenvironmentalandagriculturalsignificance開發了一套算法來模擬城市擴展方案，以適應預期的人口增長，同時保護關鍵的開放空間系統Asetofalgorithmsweredevelopedtosimulateurbanexp24、ansionscenariosthatcouldaccommodateprojectedpopulationgrowthwhileprotectingcriticalopenspacesystems由此產生的發展框架可確保為每個城市的發展采取平衡的方法，在支持城市和農村生計的基礎設施，交通和社區服務方面建立一系列資本投資（此處為賈拉拉巴德）Aresultingdevelopmentframeworkensuresabalancedapproachforthegrowthofeachcity,settinguparangeofcapitalinvestmentsininfrastructure,25、mobility,andcommunityservicesthatsupportsurbanandrurallivelihoods(Jalalabadpicturedhere)景觀實施工具包說明了要在不同景觀類型中采取的一系列舉措Alandscapeimplementationtoolkitillustratesahostofinitiativestobeundertakenacrossdifferentlandscapetypes賈拉拉巴德河濱（JalalabadRiverfront）等催化項目將社區利益與城市防災能力投資聯系在一起Catalyticprojects,suchastheJal26、alabadRiverfront,tiecommunitybenefitstoinvestmentsinurbanresilience賈拉拉巴德（Jalalabad）濱河公園在季節性洪水事件中保護城市核心，同時創造了混合基礎設施的新范例TheJalalabadriverfrontparkprotectsthecoreofthecityfromseasonalfloodeventswhilecreatinganewparadigmofhybridinfrastructure風險評估建立了一系列策略，以保護脆弱的社區免受滑坡和山洪的侵害Ariskassessmentestablishedarang27、eofstrategiestoprotectvulnerablecommunitiesfromlandslidesandflashflooding賈拉拉巴德一個脆弱社區的綜合社會和彈性基礎設施IntegratedsocialandresiliencyinfrastructureinavulnerablecommunityinJalalabad每個省會都是樞紐，必須支持更大城市地區的生計Eachprovincialcapitalisthehubandmustsupportthelivelihoodsofmuchlargercity-regions建議建立一個農業中心網絡，以促進區域經濟發展并加強28、價值鏈AnetworkofAgriculturalHubsareproposedtopromoteregionaleconomicdevelopmentandstrengthenvaluechains在坎大哈新興地區的投資使城市發展與經濟機遇保持一致InvestmentinanemergingdistrictofKandaharalignsurbangrowthwitheconomicopportunity一個新的城市節點為坎大哈創造了強大的區域經濟支柱AnewurbannodecreatesastrongregionaleconomicanchorforKandahar諸如馬扎里沙里夫（Ma29、zar-e-Sharif）之類的快速發展的城市將促進沿新的公交快速通道發展FastgrowingcitieslikeMazar-e-SharifwillpromotedevelopmentalongnewBusRapidTransitCorridors在交通和發展方面的協調投資促進了緊湊，可持續發展的城市Coordinatedinvestmentsinmobilityanddevelopmentpromoteacompact,sustainablecity催化公共領域項目和公交一體化改善了馬扎爾市中心的生活質量Catalyticpublicrealmprojectsandtransitinte30、grationimprovequalityoflifeinthecentralcoreofMazar像Khost這樣的二線城市通過對主要城市走廊的催化性投資來增強其身份Second-tiercitieslikeKhostreinforcetheiridentitywithcatalyticinvestmentsinprimaryurbancorridors具有可衡量具有可衡量結果的數據果的數據驅動方法方法AData-DrivenApproachwithMeasurableOutcomesSasaki除了通過利益相關者外展建立共識之外，還采用了基于證據的方法來制定每個城市的投資和決策路線圖。在一31、個自1970年代以來就沒有進行過全國人口普查的國家，收集和驗證數據絕非易事。Sasaki利用所有可用資源-從全球土地使用數據集到我們自己的家庭調查，開發了基線數據評估來繪制每個城市的地圖并制定基準。這些數據為與利益相關者的參與提供了一個通用的信息基礎，并推動了戰略發展框架戰略和目標的評估。Inadditiontobuildingconsensusthroughstakeholderoutreach,Sasakiusedanevidence-basedapproachtodeveloparoadmapforinvestmentanddecisionmakingineachcity.Inacoun32、trythathasnothadanationalcensussincethe1970s,collectingandverifyingdatawasnoeasytask.Drawingoneverysourceavailablefromgloballand-usedatasetstoourownhouseholdsurvey,SasakidevelopedaBaselineDataAssessmenttomapeachcityanddevelopbenchmarks.Thisdataprovidedacommon,informativefoundationforengagementwithst33、akeholdersanddrivestheassessmentofstrategiesandgoalsfortheStrategicDevelopmentFrameworks.國內流離失所者（IDP）移居城市，以尋求安全和經濟機會，推動計劃外地區的人口激增InternallyDisplacedPeople(IDP)migratetocities,insearchofsecurityandeconomicopportunity,driveintensepopulationgrowthinunplannedareas對計劃外地區的基礎設施基礎設施投資使其對極端洪水事件具有更強的抵抗力Basici34、nfrastructureinvestmentsinunplannedareasmakethemmoreresilienttoextremefloodevents坎大哈（Kandahar）的開齋節（EidGahAlif）等社區因缺乏社會基礎設施而遭受苦難，易遭受洪水泛濫Communities,suchasEidGahAlifinKandahar,sufferfromthelackofsocialinfrastructureandarevulnerabletoflooding對社會基礎設施的投資改善了弱勢社區的生活質量和經濟機會Investmentsinsocialinfrastructureimprovequalityoflifeandeconomicopportunityforvulnerablecommunities婦女中心網絡，例如坎大哈的EidGahAlif中心，利用婦女在阿富汗社會中的作用為婦女提供服務和計劃AnetworkofWomenCenters,suchastheEidGahAlifCenterinKandahar,providesservicesandprogramsforwomen,leveragingtheirroleinAfghansociety