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1、人機(jī)功效學(xué),主講人：XXX,時(shí)間：XXX,目 錄,CONTENTS,1,2,人工搬運(yùn)的危害與風(fēng)險(xiǎn),辦公室工作環(huán)境的危害及風(fēng)險(xiǎn),Hazards and Risks Associated with Manual Material Handling of Loads,Hazards and Risks Associated with Office Work Environment,Part,章 節(jié),01,人工搬運(yùn)的危害與風(fēng)險(xiǎn),Hazards and Risks Associated with Manual Material Handling of Loads,Occupational Ergonom2、ics人體工效學(xué),Occupational Ergonomics is the art and science of reducing physical and psychological problems that might arise from the interaction between people,equipment and the environment.人體工程學(xué)是一門(mén)研究減少由人、設(shè)備和環(huán)境之間的相互作用而可能產(chǎn)生的身體和心理問(wèn)題的科學(xué)。Primary focus of an ergonomics program is the reduction of work relat3、ed musculoskeletal disorders(WMSD).人體工程學(xué)主要關(guān)注點(diǎn)是減少與工作有關(guān)的肌肉骨骼損傷。,work related musculoskeletal disorders(WMSD).人體工程學(xué)主要關(guān)注點(diǎn)是減少與工作有關(guān)的肌肉骨骼損傷。,Occupational Ergonomics人體工效學(xué),This is accomplished through the management of employee exposure to workplace hazards控制下面工作場(chǎng)所中的危害因素，可以達(dá)到上述目標(biāo)：Awkward postures/不良的、笨拙的姿勢(shì)Fo4、rceful exertions/用力過(guò)度High rates of repetition/重復(fù)性高,Cumulative Trauma Disorder累積性外傷,Work Related Musculoskeletal Disorder工作相關(guān)的肌肉骨骼損傷,Repetitive Motion Injury重復(fù)運(yùn)動(dòng)損傷,Repetitive Strain Injury 重復(fù)過(guò)度疲勞損傷,Carpal Tunnel Syndrome 腕管綜合癥,Low Back Pain 腰背痛,Tendonitis/Tenosynovitis 肌腱發(fā)炎/滑膜炎,Manual Handling of Loa5、ds人工搬運(yùn)的定義,Manual handling of loads(MHL)is any of the following activities carried out by one or more workers.以下任何一種由一人或多人完成的活動(dòng)稱為人工搬運(yùn),Lifting,Holding,Putting down,Pushing,Pulling,Carrying or moving,將物品提升（高）,托物,放下,推,拉,運(yùn)送或移動(dòng),Ergo Risk Factor of MHL人工搬運(yùn)的人體工程學(xué)因素,There are several risk factors that make M6、HL hazardous and thereby increase the possibility of injury.下面幾個(gè)因素會(huì)導(dǎo)致作業(yè)人員受到損傷，及增加了受傷的可能性,Contact Stress 接觸壓力,Temperature溫度,Vibration 振動(dòng),MHL Hazards&Solutions:Force MHL危害因素和解決方法：用力,Lifting out of a bin從儲(chǔ)物箱內(nèi)取出物品,Difficult pulling費(fèi)力拉運(yùn),Difficult power gripping抓握困難,HAZARDS危害,MHL Hazards&Solutions:Force M7、HL危害因素和解決方法：用力,Use lift/tilt devices使用升降翻轉(zhuǎn)裝置,Use good power grips使用好的抓握,Use powered pallet jack使用機(jī)動(dòng)托盤(pán)車(chē),SOLUTIONS解決方法,HAZARDS 危害,MHL Hazards&Solutions:Other-contact stress MHL 危害和解決辦法：其他-接觸壓力,Tool digging into fingers/palm/hand工具抵在手指/手掌/手上,HAZARDS 危害,SOLUTIONS 解決辦法,HAZARDS 危害,Use tools with handles t8、hat extend past the palm使用手柄長(zhǎng)過(guò)手掌的工具,HAZARDS 危害,MHL Hazards&Solutions:Repetition MHL 危害和解決辦法：重復(fù)動(dòng)作,Repetitive lifting and carrying 重復(fù)搬運(yùn),HAZARDS 危害,SOLUTIONS 解決辦法,HAZARDS 危害,Use roller conveyors reduce lifting/handling使用滾軸輸送機(jī)，以減少搬運(yùn)；Job rotation工作輪換Frequent breaks工間休息,MHL Risk Assessment:Force MHL風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)價(jià)：用9、力,Excessive weights must not be lifted without mechanical assistance不能人工搬抬過(guò)重的物品,Lifting of weights 搬抬重物,MHL Risk Assessment:Contact Stress MHL 風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估：接觸壓力,Parts of the body must not continuously rest or be supported against hard or sharp surfaces身體的部位不能連續(xù)地?cái)R或扶在硬或鋒利的邊緣面,Forearm support against hard surf10、ace前臂擱在硬面上,Wrist/forearm support against hard surface手腕/前臂擱在硬面上,MHL Hazards&Solutions:Posture MHL 危害因素和解決辦法：姿勢(shì),HAZARDS 危害,Bending forward向前彎腰,Elbows/arms away from body 肘/手臂遠(yuǎn)離軀干,Bending wrist sideways手腕側(cè)彎,MHL Hazards&Solutions:Posture MHL 危害因素和解決辦法：姿勢(shì),SOLUTIONS 解決辦法,Adjust work surface height調(diào)整工作面高度11、,Use lift tables with turntables on them使用帶旋轉(zhuǎn)臺(tái)面的升降機(jī),Select tools that promote good wrist postures and power grips選擇能促進(jìn)正確手腕姿勢(shì)和抓握得工具,MHL Risk Assessment:Posture MHL風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)價(jià)：姿勢(shì),Workstations must be designed for neutral body postures while standing設(shè)備的操作部件，須按作業(yè)人員在自然的身體姿勢(shì)下操作該設(shè)備所要求的尺寸設(shè)計(jì),Poor standing postures不12、佳站姿,Seating must be designed to properly support body postures while seated設(shè)計(jì)座椅時(shí)，須保證作業(yè)人員就座后，椅背恰好支撐作業(yè)時(shí)的身體姿態(tài),Poor seating support不佳的座椅支撐,MHL Risk Assessment:Posture MHL風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)價(jià)：姿勢(shì),Routine activities must not require continuous static postures,grips or holds 日常工作中，不能有要求連續(xù)的靜態(tài)姿勢(shì)、緊握或托住物品的作業(yè),Pinch gripping捏握,C13、ontinuous static standing postures連續(xù)性靜態(tài)站姿,MHL Risk Assessment:Posture MHL風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)價(jià)：姿勢(shì),Routine activities must not require excessive or repetitive neck flexion up,down or side-to-side日常工作中，不能有要求作業(yè)人員過(guò)度的或重復(fù)的上下或左右彎曲頸部的動(dòng)作,Side-to-side neck flexion頸部左右彎曲,Down neck flexion向下彎曲頸部,MHL Risk Assessment:Posture MHL風(fēng)14、險(xiǎn)評(píng)價(jià)：姿勢(shì),Routine activities must not require continuously repetitive or awkward hand or wrist motions日常工作中，不能有要求連續(xù)重復(fù)的或不佳的手或腕部動(dòng)作,Hand/wrist motions手/腕動(dòng)作,Awkward hand/wrist motions不方便、笨拙的手/腕動(dòng)作,MHL Risk Assessment:Posture MHL風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)價(jià)：姿勢(shì),Routine activities must be conducted within a close proximity to the bod15、y to minimize excessive or repetitive reaching日常工作中，必須保證物品盡量靠近身體，減少過(guò)度的或重復(fù)性的身體伸展,Reaching to the product伸展身體以便取到物品,Routine activities must not require excessive or repetitive reaching to over-the-shoulder heights日常工作中，不能有要求過(guò)度的或重復(fù)的將手臂伸到超過(guò)肩部高度的動(dòng)作,Over-the-shoulder reaching將手臂伸到超過(guò)肩部的高度,MHL Risk Assessme16、nt:Posture MHL風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)價(jià)：姿勢(shì),Routine activities must not require excessive or repetitive reaching to below-the-knee heights日常工作中，不能有要求過(guò)度的或重復(fù)的伸手去夠低于膝蓋高度的物品的動(dòng)作,Below-the-knee reaching伸手去夠低于膝蓋高度的物品,Routine activities must not require repetitive twisting at the waist while handling loads日常工作中，不能有要求在搬重物時(shí)重復(fù)扭腰的動(dòng)作17、,Twisting at the waist扭腰,Knuckle height,手指自然下垂處高度,肩高,小腿中間高度,肘高,Shoulder height,Mid lower leg height,Elbow height,General Risk Assessment Guidelines of MHL M H L 一般風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估導(dǎo)則,General risk assessment guidelines：There is no such thing as a completely“safe”manual handing operation,But working with in the fo18、llowing guidelines will cut the risk and reduce the need for a more detailed assessment,Facts about Forces 用力的真相事實(shí),Forces in your body during lifting are enormous在搬運(yùn)物體時(shí)人體受力很大Lifting 12 kg cheese=300 kg!搬12公斤的奶酪=300公斤！Garbage collector 1 bag=1000 kg!一袋垃圾=1000公斤！,Handling capacity reduces as hands mov19、e away from trunk手離軀干的距離越遠(yuǎn)，搬運(yùn)能力越低,General rule-holding at arms length increases stress on back 5 times compared to holding close to trunk一般規(guī)律：對(duì)于同一件物品，伸平手臂拿住它時(shí)對(duì)背部產(chǎn)生的拉力，比手臂靠近軀干拿住它時(shí)對(duì)背部產(chǎn)生的拉力增加了5倍,Ergo Risk Factor Identification for MHL M H L人體工效學(xué)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素識(shí)別,Ergonomic risk factor identification form人體工效學(xué)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素識(shí)20、別表,Risk factor survey,NOT a detailed ergonomic analysis 風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素調(diào)查，非詳細(xì)的人體工程學(xué)分析Quick process 快速識(shí)別過(guò)程Identifies presence or absence of risk factors,NOT the severity of the risk factors 辨識(shí)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素有或沒(méi)有（可能性），而不能評(píng)估風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素的嚴(yán)重程度Assessment of the job,NOT the employee 評(píng)估作業(yè)，而不是人員Identifies jobs with risk factors requiring21、 a more detailed analysis 辨識(shí)作業(yè)中的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素要求更詳細(xì)的分析,MHL Prevention Measures 人工搬運(yùn)的預(yù)防措施,Elimination consider whether MHL can be avoided,for example by using powered or mechanical handling equipment such as conveyers or lift trucks消除 考慮是否可避免人工搬運(yùn)重物，例如使用自動(dòng)的搬運(yùn)設(shè)備，如輸送機(jī)或起重卡車(chē)Technical measures if MHL cannot be avoid22、ed,consider the use of supporting devices such as hoists,trolleys and vacuum lifting devices技術(shù)措施 如果不能避免人工搬運(yùn)，考慮使用可提供輔助裝置，如鉸鏈，推車(chē)及真空升降裝置,MHL Prevention Measures 人工搬運(yùn)的預(yù)防措施,Organizational measures such as job rotation and the introduction of breaks of sufficient length should only be considered if elimin23、ation or reduction of MHL risks is not possible.組織措施，如果不能采取前面兩種方式消除或減少人工搬運(yùn)作業(yè)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，則應(yīng)勞動(dòng)組織措施，如工作輪換及充足的工間休息等措施來(lái)降低作業(yè)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。Provide information on the risks and adverse health effects of MHL,and training in the use of equipment and correct handling techniques告知作業(yè)人員有關(guān)人工搬運(yùn)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，并為他們提供設(shè)備使用及搬運(yùn)技巧的培訓(xùn)。,MHL Prevention 24、Measures:Elimination 人工搬運(yùn)的預(yù)防措施：消除,Mechanical assist bag lifting device機(jī)械輔助提升裝置,MHL Prevention Measures:Technical 人工搬運(yùn)的預(yù)防措施：技術(shù)措施,Hand tool design for neutral wrist posture手動(dòng)工具的設(shè)計(jì)：工作時(shí)，腕關(guān)節(jié)的姿勢(shì)處于自然狀態(tài),MHL Prevention Measures:Technical 人工搬運(yùn)的預(yù)防措施：技術(shù)措施,Storage racks for manual loading/unloading must position25、 the heaviest or most commonly used items on the middle shelf and the lightest or least commonly used items on the top and bottom shelves.人工裝/卸的存儲(chǔ)貨架，必須將最重的或最常用的用品放置在架子的中部，將最輕的或最不常用的用品放置在架子的頂部或底部。,MHL Prevention Measures:Technical 人工搬運(yùn)的預(yù)防措施：技術(shù)措施,Workstation lift design to minimize over-the-shoulder r26、eaching升降工作平臺(tái)：使伸手過(guò)肩的動(dòng)作最小化,MHL Prevention Measures:Technical 人工搬運(yùn)的預(yù)防措施：技術(shù)措施,Adjustable workstation design to maximize neutral standing posture可調(diào)式工作平臺(tái)：使作業(yè)人員盡可能地在自然的站姿狀態(tài)下工作,MHL Prevention Measures:Technical 人工搬運(yùn)的預(yù)防措施：技術(shù)措施,Lift table to raise bags to a comfortable working height升降臺(tái)：使作業(yè)人員在舒服的高度上搬運(yùn)物品,MHL 27、Prevention Measures:Technical 人工搬運(yùn)的預(yù)防措施：技術(shù)措施,Better chair design to maximize a good seated posture更好的座椅設(shè)計(jì)：最舒服的坐姿,Correct Handling Techniques Lifting 正確的搬運(yùn)技術(shù) 搬起,Before lifting a load,you need to plan and prepare for the task.Make sure that:在搬起重物前，你需要根據(jù)任務(wù)的情況進(jìn)行計(jì)劃并做準(zhǔn)備。確保：You know where you are going 你知道28、你要去哪里The area where you move is clear of obstacles 你的通道上沒(méi)有障礙物You have a good grip on the load 你可以很好地抓住要搬運(yùn)的貨物Your hands,the load and any handles are not slippery 你的手、貨物及任何抓手的地方都不滑If you are lifting with someone else,both of you know what you are doing before start 如果你與其他人一起搬運(yùn)，你們兩人在工作前都知道要做的是什么,Correc29、t Handling Techniques Lifting 正確的搬運(yùn)技術(shù) 搬起,You should use the following technique when lifting a load 搬起貨物的技巧：Put your feet around the load,with your body over it(if this is not feasible,try to get your body as close as possible to the load)將雙個(gè)腳掌立在貨物旁邊，身體在重物上方（如果現(xiàn)場(chǎng)條件不允許，盡量將身體靠近貨物）Use the muscles of yo30、ur legs when lifting 搬起時(shí)使用腿部的肌肉Straighten your back 挺直后背 Pull the load as close as possible to your body 盡量將重物地拉近身體 Lift and carry the load with straight downward turned arms 手臂下垂的姿勢(shì)搬運(yùn)貨物,Correct Handling Techniques Lifting 正確的搬運(yùn)技術(shù) 搬起,Pushing and pulling is done using the bodys own weight;lean forwar31、d when pushing,lean backwards when pulling推和拉是用身體自身的重量完成的，前傾或后拉,You have enough grip on the floor to be able to lean forward，backwards 在向前或向后傾斜時(shí)，腳在路面上有足夠的摩擦力,You avoid twisting and bending your back 避免扭轉(zhuǎn)和彎曲背部,Correct Handling Techniques-Pushing and Pulling 正確的搬運(yùn)技術(shù) 推和拉,1.Handling devices have handles32、/hand grips so that you can use your hands to exert a force;handle height should be between the shoulder and waist so that you can push/pull in a good,neutral posture搬運(yùn)裝置有手柄/把手，以便用手加力；手柄高度應(yīng)在肩部和腰部之間，以便你在自然的姿勢(shì)下推或拉2.Handling devices are well-maintained so that the wheels have appropriate size and they 33、run smoothly維護(hù)好搬運(yùn)設(shè)備，車(chē)輪大小適當(dāng)，以便運(yùn)行平穩(wěn)3.Floors are hard,even and clean 地面堅(jiān)硬、平坦并且干凈,視頻-人工搬運(yùn)工作,1.從托盤(pán)上搬到傳輸帶上 該視頻演示了在工作場(chǎng)所的搬運(yùn)工作，員工把紙箱從托盤(pán)上搬下來(lái)，然后搬到傳輸帶上。2.把成軋的電線放到軸心上 該視頻演示了一名員工將成軋的電線從傳輸帶上搬到處在不同高度的軸心上。3.從傳輸帶搬到儲(chǔ)藏室 該視頻演示了一名員工從傳輸帶上搬起箱子，沿著走廊走到儲(chǔ)藏室。4.在糕點(diǎn)廠的搬運(yùn)工作 該視頻演示了一名員工從手推車(chē)上搬起一箱面粉，到樓上把面粉放在指定位置。5.合作搬運(yùn)從桌子上抬到托盤(pán) 上 該視頻演示了34、兩個(gè)人將一重容器從桌子上抬起來(lái)，放到地上的托盤(pán)上。6.合作搬運(yùn)從地上抬到托盤(pán)上 該視頻演示了四個(gè)人將一重容器從地上抬起來(lái)，放在地上的托盤(pán)上。視頻鏈接：http:/www.hse.gov.uk/msd/mac/introduction.htm,Part,章 節(jié),02,辦公室環(huán)境的危害與風(fēng)險(xiǎn),Hazards and Risks Associated with Office Work Environment,用力,姿勢(shì),重復(fù),接觸壓力,出現(xiàn)在鍵盤(pán)和鼠標(biāo)上。大力敲擊，“擊打”鍵盤(pán)。過(guò)度扭轉(zhuǎn)和握鼠標(biāo)。,鋒利的邊緣，沒(méi)有或少量的墊子。大多出現(xiàn)在桌子的邊緣或者胳膊懸空的位置。,急速運(yùn)動(dòng)而很少中斷來(lái)休息。,不35、舒服的身體姿勢(shì)。,辦公環(huán)境下的人機(jī)工程風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素,風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素,Computer setup for optimum comfort電腦安裝成最舒適的狀況 Seating 座椅,辦公環(huán)境下的人機(jī)工程風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素,Arrangement of other office equipment:其它辦公室設(shè)備的安放Phone 電話Documents 文件Reference materials 參考資料Others 其它 Environmental Factors 環(huán)境因素Noise 噪音Heat/Cold 熱/冷,正確的姿勢(shì)和工作場(chǎng)所設(shè)計(jì),腳放平或者踩在腳踏板上,膝蓋成90度,大腿與地面平行,后背挺直，用椅子來(lái)36、支撐,上臂放松，靠近身體兩側(cè),肘關(guān)節(jié)成90度直角,鍵盤(pán)和鼠標(biāo)在肘關(guān)節(jié)的高度,顯示屏的上端與的視線的高度,頭/頸挺直，不要彎曲,前臂與地面平行，從肘關(guān)節(jié)開(kāi)始，到手腕和手指成一條直線,顯示屏與人的距離等于胳膊的長(zhǎng)度,MSD Hazard Identification in the computer workstation 電腦工作時(shí)的肌肉骨胳損傷的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)識(shí)別,The tool is to be used to identify job/task related MSD hazards for individual workers performing computer based jobs/task37、s.這個(gè)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估工具，是用來(lái)識(shí)別每個(gè)使用電腦的人員在工作中接觸的肌肉骨骼損傷的危害因素。,MSD Hazard Identification in the computer workstation 電腦工作時(shí)的肌肉骨胳損傷的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)識(shí)別,The tool needs to be used with the full participation and input of the worker who works at the computer workstation where the job/task is performed.Observations alone are not enough,and it is not appropriate for the person using the tool to base decisions only on what they see or think about a job.使用該工具進(jìn)行評(píng)估時(shí)，需要電腦使用人員提供信息，并全面參與。單靠評(píng)估人員的觀察是不足夠的，評(píng)估人員不能僅依靠它自己的觀察和分析就做出評(píng)估結(jié)論。,MSD Hazard Identification in the computer workstation 電腦工作時(shí)的肌肉骨胳損傷的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)識(shí)別,謝謝欣賞,THANK YOU,璽貓PPT,