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1、人工搬運辦公室工作風險分析,主講人：,時間：XXX,目 錄,CONTENTS,1,2,人工搬運的危害與風險,辦公室工作環境的危害及風險,Hazards and Risks Associated with Manual Material Handling of Loads,Hazards and Risks Associated with Office Work Environment,Part,章 節,01,人工搬運的危害與風險,Hazards and Risks Associated with Manual Material Handling of Loads,Occupational Er2、gonomics人體工效學,Occupational Ergonomics is the art and science of reducing physical and psychological problems that might arise from the interaction between people,equipment and the environment.人體工程學是一門研究減少由人、設備和環境之間的相互作用而可能產生的身體和心理問題的科學。Primary focus of an ergonomics program is the reduction of work 3、related musculoskeletal disorders(WMSD).人體工程學主要關注點是減少與工作有關的肌肉骨骼損傷。,work related musculoskeletal disorders(WMSD).人體工程學主要關注點是減少與工作有關的肌肉骨骼損傷。,Occupational Ergonomics人體工效學,This is accomplished through the management of employee exposure to workplace hazards控制下面工作場所中的危害因素，可以達到上述目標：Awkward postures/不良的、笨拙4、的姿勢Forceful exertions/用力過度High rates of repetition/重復性高,Cumulative Trauma Disorder累積性外傷,Work Related Musculoskeletal Disorder工作相關的肌肉骨骼損傷,Repetitive Motion Injury重復運動損傷,Repetitive Strain Injury 重復過度疲勞損傷,Carpal Tunnel Syndrome 腕管綜合癥,Low Back Pain 腰背痛,Tendonitis/Tenosynovitis 肌腱發炎/滑膜炎,Manual Handling o5、f Loads人工搬運的定義,Manual handling of loads(MHL)is any of the following activities carried out by one or more workers.以下任何一種由一人或多人完成的活動稱為人工搬運,Lifting,Holding,Putting down,Pushing,Pulling,Carrying or moving,將物品提升（高）,托物,放下,推,拉,運送或移動,Ergo Risk Factor of MHL人工搬運的人體工程學因素,There are several risk factors that m6、ake MHL hazardous and thereby increase the possibility of injury.下面幾個因素會導致作業人員受到損傷，及增加了受傷的可能性,Contact Stress 接觸壓力,Temperature溫度,Vibration 振動,MHL Hazards&Solutions:Force MHL危害因素和解決方法：用力,Lifting out of a bin從儲物箱內取出物品,Difficult pulling費力拉運,Difficult power gripping抓握困難,HAZARDS危害,MHL Hazards&Solutions:Fo7、rce MHL危害因素和解決方法：用力,Use lift/tilt devices使用升降翻轉裝置,Use good power grips使用好的抓握,Use powered pallet jack使用機動托盤車,SOLUTIONS解決方法,HAZARDS 危害,MHL Hazards&Solutions:Other-contact stress MHL 危害和解決辦法：其他-接觸壓力,Tool digging into fingers/palm/hand工具抵在手指/手掌/手上,HAZARDS 危害,SOLUTIONS 解決辦法,HAZARDS 危害,Use tools with hand8、les that extend past the palm使用手柄長過手掌的工具,HAZARDS 危害,MHL Hazards&Solutions:Repetition MHL 危害和解決辦法：重復動作,Repetitive lifting and carrying 重復搬運,HAZARDS 危害,SOLUTIONS 解決辦法,HAZARDS 危害,Use roller conveyors reduce lifting/handling使用滾軸輸送機，以減少搬運；Job rotation工作輪換Frequent breaks工間休息,MHL Risk Assessment:Force MHL風9、險評價：用力,Excessive weights must not be lifted without mechanical assistance不能人工搬抬過重的物品,Lifting of weights 搬抬重物,MHL Risk Assessment:Contact Stress MHL 風險評估：接觸壓力,Parts of the body must not continuously rest or be supported against hard or sharp surfaces身體的部位不能連續地擱或扶在硬或鋒利的邊緣面,Forearm support against hard10、 surface前臂擱在硬面上,Wrist/forearm support against hard surface手腕/前臂擱在硬面上,MHL Hazards&Solutions:Posture MHL 危害因素和解決辦法：姿勢,HAZARDS 危害,Bending forward向前彎腰,Elbows/arms away from body 肘/手臂遠離軀干,Bending wrist sideways手腕側彎,MHL Hazards&Solutions:Posture MHL 危害因素和解決辦法：姿勢,SOLUTIONS 解決辦法,Adjust work surface height調整11、工作面高度,Use lift tables with turntables on them使用帶旋轉臺面的升降機,Select tools that promote good wrist postures and power grips選擇能促進正確手腕姿勢和抓握得工具,MHL Risk Assessment:Posture MHL風險評價：姿勢,Workstations must be designed for neutral body postures while standing設備的操作部件，須按作業人員在自然的身體姿勢下操作該設備所要求的尺寸設計,Poor standing post12、ures不佳站姿,Seating must be designed to properly support body postures while seated設計座椅時，須保證作業人員就座后，椅背恰好支撐作業時的身體姿態,Poor seating support不佳的座椅支撐,MHL Risk Assessment:Posture MHL風險評價：姿勢,Routine activities must not require continuous static postures,grips or holds 日常工作中，不能有要求連續的靜態姿勢、緊握或托住物品的作業,Pinch grippin13、g捏握,Continuous static standing postures連續性靜態站姿,MHL Risk Assessment:Posture MHL風險評價：姿勢,Routine activities must not require excessive or repetitive neck flexion up,down or side-to-side日常工作中，不能有要求作業人員過度的或重復的上下或左右彎曲頸部的動作,Side-to-side neck flexion頸部左右彎曲,Down neck flexion向下彎曲頸部,MHL Risk Assessment:Posture14、 MHL風險評價：姿勢,Routine activities must not require continuously repetitive or awkward hand or wrist motions日常工作中，不能有要求連續重復的或不佳的手或腕部動作,Hand/wrist motions手/腕動作,Awkward hand/wrist motions不方便、笨拙的手/腕動作,MHL Risk Assessment:Posture MHL風險評價：姿勢,Routine activities must be conducted within a close proximity to th15、e body to minimize excessive or repetitive reaching日常工作中，必須保證物品盡量靠近身體，減少過度的或重復性的身體伸展,Reaching to the product伸展身體以便取到物品,Routine activities must not require excessive or repetitive reaching to over-the-shoulder heights日常工作中，不能有要求過度的或重復的將手臂伸到超過肩部高度的動作,Over-the-shoulder reaching將手臂伸到超過肩部的高度,MHL Risk Ass16、essment:Posture MHL風險評價：姿勢,Routine activities must not require excessive or repetitive reaching to below-the-knee heights日常工作中，不能有要求過度的或重復的伸手去夠低于膝蓋高度的物品的動作,Below-the-knee reaching伸手去夠低于膝蓋高度的物品,Routine activities must not require repetitive twisting at the waist while handling loads日常工作中，不能有要求在搬重物時重復17、扭腰的動作,Twisting at the waist扭腰,Knuckle height,手指自然下垂處高度,肩高,小腿中間高度,肘高,Shoulder height,Mid lower leg height,Elbow height,General Risk Assessment Guidelines of MHL M H L 一般風險評估導則,General risk assessment guidelines：There is no such thing as a completely“safe”manual handing operation,But working with in t18、he following guidelines will cut the risk and reduce the need for a more detailed assessment,Facts about Forces 用力的真相事實,Forces in your body during lifting are enormous在搬運物體時人體受力很大Lifting 12 kg cheese=300 kg!搬12公斤的奶酪=300公斤！Garbage collector 1 bag=1000 kg!一袋垃圾=1000公斤！,Handling capacity reduces as hand19、s move away from trunk手離軀干的距離越遠，搬運能力越低,General rule-holding at arms length increases stress on back 5 times compared to holding close to trunk一般規律：對于同一件物品，伸平手臂拿住它時對背部產生的拉力，比手臂靠近軀干拿住它時對背部產生的拉力增加了5倍,Ergo Risk Factor Identification for MHL M H L人體工效學風險因素識別,Ergonomic risk factor identification form人體工效學20、風險因素識別表,Risk factor survey,NOT a detailed ergonomic analysis 風險因素調查，非詳細的人體工程學分析Quick process 快速識別過程Identifies presence or absence of risk factors,NOT the severity of the risk factors 辨識風險因素有或沒有（可能性），而不能評估風險因素的嚴重程度Assessment of the job,NOT the employee 評估作業，而不是人員Identifies jobs with risk factors requ21、iring a more detailed analysis 辨識作業中的風險因素要求更詳細的分析,MHL Prevention Measures 人工搬運的預防措施,Elimination consider whether MHL can be avoided,for example by using powered or mechanical handling equipment such as conveyers or lift trucks消除 考慮是否可避免人工搬運重物，例如使用自動的搬運設備，如輸送機或起重卡車Technical measures if MHL cannot be 22、avoided,consider the use of supporting devices such as hoists,trolleys and vacuum lifting devices技術措施 如果不能避免人工搬運，考慮使用可提供輔助裝置，如鉸鏈，推車及真空升降裝置,MHL Prevention Measures 人工搬運的預防措施,Organizational measures such as job rotation and the introduction of breaks of sufficient length should only be considered if e23、limination or reduction of MHL risks is not possible.組織措施，如果不能采取前面兩種方式消除或減少人工搬運作業的風險，則應勞動組織措施，如工作輪換及充足的工間休息等措施來降低作業的風險。Provide information on the risks and adverse health effects of MHL,and training in the use of equipment and correct handling techniques告知作業人員有關人工搬運的風險，并為他們提供設備使用及搬運技巧的培訓。,MHL Preven24、tion Measures:Elimination 人工搬運的預防措施：消除,Mechanical assist bag lifting device機械輔助提升裝置,MHL Prevention Measures:Technical 人工搬運的預防措施：技術措施,Hand tool design for neutral wrist posture手動工具的設計：工作時，腕關節的姿勢處于自然狀態,MHL Prevention Measures:Technical 人工搬運的預防措施：技術措施,Storage racks for manual loading/unloading must pos25、ition the heaviest or most commonly used items on the middle shelf and the lightest or least commonly used items on the top and bottom shelves.人工裝/卸的存儲貨架，必須將最重的或最常用的用品放置在架子的中部，將最輕的或最不常用的用品放置在架子的頂部或底部。,MHL Prevention Measures:Technical 人工搬運的預防措施：技術措施,Workstation lift design to minimize over-the-shoul26、der reaching升降工作平臺：使伸手過肩的動作最小化,MHL Prevention Measures:Technical 人工搬運的預防措施：技術措施,Adjustable workstation design to maximize neutral standing posture可調式工作平臺：使作業人員盡可能地在自然的站姿狀態下工作,MHL Prevention Measures:Technical 人工搬運的預防措施：技術措施,Lift table to raise bags to a comfortable working height升降臺：使作業人員在舒服的高度上搬運物品27、,MHL Prevention Measures:Technical 人工搬運的預防措施：技術措施,Better chair design to maximize a good seated posture更好的座椅設計：最舒服的坐姿,Correct Handling Techniques Lifting 正確的搬運技術 搬起,Before lifting a load,you need to plan and prepare for the task.Make sure that:在搬起重物前，你需要根據任務的情況進行計劃并做準備。確保：You know where you are goin28、g 你知道你要去哪里The area where you move is clear of obstacles 你的通道上沒有障礙物You have a good grip on the load 你可以很好地抓住要搬運的貨物Your hands,the load and any handles are not slippery 你的手、貨物及任何抓手的地方都不滑If you are lifting with someone else,both of you know what you are doing before start 如果你與其他人一起搬運，你們兩人在工作前都知道要做的是什么,C29、orrect Handling Techniques Lifting 正確的搬運技術 搬起,You should use the following technique when lifting a load 搬起貨物的技巧：Put your feet around the load,with your body over it(if this is not feasible,try to get your body as close as possible to the load)將雙個腳掌立在貨物旁邊，身體在重物上方（如果現場條件不允許，盡量將身體靠近貨物）Use the muscles 30、of your legs when lifting 搬起時使用腿部的肌肉，Straighten your back 挺直后背 Pull the load as close as possible to your body 盡量將重物地拉近身體 Lift and carry the load with straight downward turned arms 手臂下垂的姿勢搬運貨物,Correct Handling Techniques Lifting 正確的搬運技術 搬起,Pushing and pulling is done using the bodys own weight;lean 31、forward when pushing,lean backwards when pulling推和拉是用身體自身的重量完成的，前傾或后拉,You have enough grip on the floor to be able to lean forward，backwards 在向前或向后傾斜時，腳在路面上有足夠的摩擦力,You avoid twisting and bending your back 避免扭轉和彎曲背部,Correct Handling Techniques-Pushing and Pulling 正確的搬運技術 推和拉,1.Handling devices have h32、andles/hand grips so that you can use your hands to exert a force;handle height should be between the shoulder and waist so that you can push/pull in a good,neutral posture搬運裝置有手柄/把手，以便用手加力；手柄高度應在肩部和腰部之間，以便你在自然的姿勢下推或拉2.Handling devices are well-maintained so that the wheels have appropriate size and33、 they run smoothly維護好搬運設備，車輪大小適當，以便運行平穩3.Floors are hard,even and clean 地面堅硬、平坦并且干凈,視頻-人工搬運工作,1.從托盤上搬到傳輸帶上 該視頻演示了在工作場所的搬運工作，員工把紙箱從托盤上搬下來，然后搬到傳輸帶上。2.把成軋的電線放到軸心上 該視頻演示了一名員工將成軋的電線從傳輸帶上搬到處在不同高度的軸心上。3.從傳輸帶搬到儲藏室 該視頻演示了一名員工從傳輸帶上搬起箱子，沿著走廊走到儲藏室。4.在糕點廠的搬運工作 該視頻演示了一名員工從手推車上搬起一箱面粉，到樓上把面粉放在指定位置。5.合作搬運從桌子上抬到托盤 上 34、該視頻演示了兩個人將一重容器從桌子上抬起來，放到地上的托盤上。6.合作搬運從地上抬到托盤上 該視頻演示了四個人將一重容器從地上抬起來，放在地上的托盤上。,Part,章 節,02,辦公室環境的危害與風險,Hazards and Risks Associated with Office Work Environment,用力,姿勢,重復,接觸壓力,出現在鍵盤和鼠標上。大力敲擊，“擊打”鍵盤。過度扭轉和握鼠標。,鋒利的邊緣，沒有或少量的墊子。大多出現在桌子的邊緣或者胳膊懸空的位置。,急速運動而很少中斷來休息。,不舒服的身體姿勢。,辦公環境下的人機工程風險因素,風險因素,Computer setup 35、for optimum comfort電腦安裝成最舒適的狀況 Seating 座椅,辦公環境下的人機工程風險因素,Arrangement of other office equipment:其它辦公室設備的安放Phone 電話Documents 文件Reference materials 參考資料Others 其它 Environmental Factors 環境因素Noise 噪音Heat/Cold 熱/冷,正確的姿勢和工作場所設計,腳放平或者踩在腳踏板上,膝蓋成90度,大腿與地面平行,后背挺直，用椅子來支撐,上臂放松，靠近身體兩側,肘關節成90度直角,鍵盤和鼠標在肘關節的高度,顯示屏的上端36、與的視線的高度,頭/頸挺直，不要彎曲,前臂與地面平行，從肘關節開始，到手腕和手指成一條直線,顯示屏與人的距離等于胳膊的長度,MSD Hazard Identification in the computer workstation 電腦工作時的肌肉骨胳損傷的風險識別,The tool is to be used to identify job/task related MSD hazards for individual workers performing computer based jobs/tasks.這個風險評估工具，是用來識別每個使用電腦的人員在工作中接觸的肌肉骨骼損傷的危害因素。37、,MSD Hazard Identification in the computer workstation 電腦工作時的肌肉骨胳損傷的風險識別,The tool needs to be used with the full participation and input of the worker who works at the computer workstation where the job/task is performed.Observations alone are not enough,and it is not appropriate for the person using the tool to base decisions only on what they see or think about a job.使用該工具進行評估時，需要電腦使用人員提供信息，并全面參與。單靠評估人員的觀察是不足夠的，評估人員不能僅依靠它自己的觀察和分析就做出評估結論。,MSD Hazard Identification in the computer workstation 電腦工作時的肌肉骨胳損傷的風險識別,謝謝欣賞,THANK YOU,