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1、Welding Health and Safety焊接作業的健康與安全,Hazards危害性,Welding has both“Apparent”hazards and“Hidden”hazards.Apparent hazards are those which can be easily identified.Hidden hazards are those not seen and often forgotten.焊接分明顯的危害和隱藏的危害，明顯的危害是容易鑒定而隱藏的危害是不明顯而且容易忽略的。Some of these are:Electrical Shock 觸電 Over ex2、posure to arc radiation 電弧光輻射 Fumes and gasses 有害的煙和氣Burns and fire 灼傷和火災 Compressed gas cylinders 壓力容器 Noise 噪音,Electrical Safety電氣安全,Electric shock and electrocution are possible hazards with all welding processes.在整個焊接過程中，觸電和電擊是可能存在的危害。,Electrical Safety電氣安全,Fuse or Breaker panel保險絲或者斷路面板 Power S3、upply cables電源線Internal parts of the power source電源內部零件,Exposed wires on the welding lead.焊接端面上的裸線 Contact with the electrode and the work piece.電極和工件之間的連接Wet gloves or skin.濕的手套或者外套,The primary side:主要方面:,The secondary side:次級方面:,There are two different areas of concern.有兩個不同的區域需要注意。,Primary side p4、ower is normally is high amperage/high voltage.The welder should not work in this area.It should left up to a qualified maintenance person.初級電源通常是高電流/電壓,焊工不應工作在這個區域。它應該由一個合格的維護人操作。,Notice:注意：,Electrical Safety電氣安全,Question:Which is more dangerous?哪個更危險？AC Current or DC Current？交流電或直流電？,Answer:In GMA5、W,AC current is more dangerous.氣體保護電弧焊中，交流電是更加危險的。,Electrical Safety電氣安全,Work Return Lead vs.Ground.工作回路引線和接地,The work return lead is often referred to as the ground.工作回路引線有點像接地,Work return and grounding are two different things.但是接地和工作回路引線是兩種不同的事情。,Electrical Safety電氣安全,Grounding is：接地是：,A cable at6、tached to a copper rod driven into the ground.電纜聯接銅棒插入地下。Its purpose is to carry away current in case of a transformer fault,power surge,or stray voltage.它的目的將使在變壓器故障,電力高峰及短路情況下把電流導入地下。,A Work Return Lead is:工作回路引線是:,A cable attached to the work piece.電纜被連接到工件上。Its purpose is to create a complete ci7、rcuit for welding.它的目的是使焊接時建立一條完全回路。,Connecting the Work Return lead 連接工作回路引線,Electrical Safety電氣安全,Proper connection is very important，because the welding current will find the easiest path back to the Power source.正確的連接非常重要,因為焊接電流將容易找到返回到功率源的路徑。,Possibly through the building if there is a metal fl8、oor.容易通過金屬平臺穿過建筑。,Through an attached lifting device such as an overhead crane.通過一個附屬的起重裝置例如一架吊車。,Through power tools if other operations being performed on the assembly you are welding on.當在焊接時如果有組裝的時候，通過一個手動工具。,Possible current return paths.目前可能的返回路徑。,Through overhead lifting devices.通過起重設備,Throug9、h metal plates that may be placed in the floor for other functions.通過放在地上的金屬板或類似物品,Through power tools used for other operations on the same unit.在同一個產品上操作時，通過電動工具,Electrical Safety電氣安全,Electrical Safety Tips:Power Source電氣安全提示：電源,Should be installed and serviced by a qualified electrician or mainte10、nance person.持有電工證的電工或則維修人員安裝電源和維護。Avoid working near primary side power cables.避免在主要電源端附近工作。Never run over primary side or any other power cables with a forklift.Also,be careful not to drop heavy objects on power cords.Damage to the outer casing can result and expose the conductor underneath.絕對不能使用11、叉車壓住主要電源端和任何電源線。同樣，小心不要掉重物在電源線上。破壞電器箱將會是使導體裸露。,Electrical Safety電氣安全,Electrical Safety Tips:Welding Equipment電氣安全提示：焊接設備,Check cables for worn or cut insulation.檢查電源線是否磨損或者絕緣斷開。Let your supervisor know if damage is found so maintenance can be called.如果發現破壞，通知你的主管讓維修人員去修理。,Electrical Safety電氣安全,Elect12、rical Safety Tips:Protective Clothing電氣安全提示：防護服,Wear proper gloves that are dry and free of holes.穿那些干燥的且有通氣孔的特制的手套Wear rubber soled safety shoes.穿橡膠制作的安全鞋,Electrical Safety電氣安全,Electrical Safety Tips:Work Return Lead電氣安全提示：工作回路引線,Make sure the work return lead is properly connected near the point o13、f welding and makes good electrical connection.確定工作回路引線是被正確的夾在焊接點的附近和確保有好的電氣連接。Do not place the power source on a floor that could conduct welding current.不要將電源放置在能導電的地面上。Never leave an overhead crane or other lifting device connected to the assembly being welded.Current can travel back through thes14、e devices and cause very serious damage.不要把吊機或是其它起重設備連接在正在焊接的產品上。通過這些設備電流能夠回流，也能引起非常嚴重的破壞。,Electrical Safety電氣安全,Electrical Safety Tips:In case of Electrical Shock電氣安全提示：假如發生電擊,If possible,turn the power off immediately.如有可能，立即關閉電源。Do not try to pull the victim free while in contact with the electri15、cal power.不要試圖去推開那些正觸電的受害者。Activate the EMS(emergency medical system),call 120.Alert first responders according to protocols posted near the phones in the shop.啟動急救系統，呼叫120。向廠房里電話邊張貼的負責人提供警報。,Electrical Safety電氣安全,Ultraviolet UV 紫外線Visible 可見光Infrared-(IR)紅外線,Arc Radiation電弧輻射,The welding arc emits 16、three types of radiation.焊接時有三種輻射產生。,Short wavelength UV causes“Arc eye”or“Welders flash”短波紫外線引起的眼病。,UV in the range of 300-400 Nano-Meters(NM)has been associated with the formation of cataracts.紫外線引起白內障。,Infrared and Visible light can cause burns and retinal lesions.紅外線和可見光損壞視網膜。,Arc Radiation電弧輻射,17、The most common type of eye injury from radiation is“arc eye”or“welders flash”.最常見的眼病，從輻射是“紅眼”或“電光性眼炎”。Several hours after exposure,youre eyes will feel like there is sand in them and will be red and swollen.眼睛曝光幾個小時后，會覺得像有沙子，他們將變紅和腫脹。The effects are short lived and can be treated by a visit to the 18、emergency room where drops can be administered to correct this condition.影響是短暫的。到急診室處理有助于緩解和改善這樣的狀況。However,the eyes can be permanently damaged by intense exposure over time.然而，曝光時間過長的話，視力將會永久的傷害。,Arc Radiation電弧輻射,Clear Plastic lenses and side shields will block short wave UV and help avoid exposur19、e.透明膠鏡片將阻止短波紫外線，并有助于避免曝光。UV in the range of 300 to 400 Nano-Meters,Infrared,and visible light are not blocked by clear plastic.The correct shade of filter plate needs to be used to prevent exposure.透明膠鏡片不可以攔住300400納米范圍的紫外線，紅外線和可見光的。需要選用正確的濾光片來防止曝光。,Arc Radiation電弧輻射,Arc Radiation電弧輻射,The following s20、lide is a chart of recommended filter plate shades for different welding processes and current levels.以下說明不同的焊接時需要不同濾光片的種類。,Arc radiation can cause a condition very much like sunburn.電弧輔射可能導致很多象曬斑的情況The hazard is increased by higher amperage and argon based gas.更高的安培數和氬氣體會增加危險,Arc Radiation電弧輻射,Prop21、er welding clothes such as sleeves,cape sleeves,aprons,and a helmet should be worn for protection.穿適當的焊接服裝例如袖子，護袖，圍裙，頭盔將保護身體。,Screens and protective barriers should be in place to protect non-welders in the area.防曬霜和防護墻在焊接區域應該是保護非焊工。Sun screen can be used to protect exposed skin.防曬霜可以被用于保護暴露的皮膚,High22、ly reflective materials such as aluminum,stainless steel,and galvanized increase the risk of exposure.高度反射性材料例如鋁，不銹鋼和鍍鋅增加曝光的風險 Arc radiation is reflected off these materials and causes injury to the back of the neck or other exposed areas.弧輻射被反射這些材料并且造成傷害到脖子或其他被暴露的區域的后面 Proper clothing or sun screen23、 can help eliminate or minimize the exposure.適當的衣物或遮陽霜可能幫助消滅或使曝光減到最小,Arc Radiation電弧輻射,Causes of Fumes and Gasses.煙塵和廢氣產生的原因。,Fumes and Gasses煙塵和廢氣,Because of the variables in fume and gas generation with different welding processes,we will need to treat the subject in a very generalized way.由于發煙和氣體24、不同的焊接過程產生不同煙和氣，我們將需要制定一個廣泛的方式對待這個問題。Fume and gasses can be hazardous if proper ventilation is not used.如果沒有適當的空氣流動，發煙和氣體是很危害的。,Contaminants in the weld plume:焊接中的污染物：,Particulate matter in the weld plume gives the plume its color.特殊的物質在焊接中產生它自己特有的顏色。The particulate is composed primarily of oxidized 25、filler metal,base metal,and any coatings found on the base metal.微粒物質主要由被氧化的填充金屬、母材和所有覆蓋在母材上的東西。Welders should take care to avoid breathing the fumes because of the potential associated health hazards.焊工應當心避免吸入煙塵,因為它與身體建康相關聯。Aluminum and Iron particles can cause dust disease of the lunges if levels 26、are high enough and occur over a long period of time.鋁和鐵微粒可能導致刺的積塵病，如果量是足夠多和長時間。,Fumes and Gasses煙塵和廢氣,Contaminants in the weld plume:焊接中的污染物：,Some metals pose a more serious health hazard.一些金屬構成更嚴重的健康危害It is very important to use all available safety devices when working with these materials:它是很重要的27、當與這些材料一起使用時，使用所有可利用的保險裝Manganese,found in Aluminum(3003),can effect the central nervous system,resulting in impaired speech and movement.錳與鋁(3003)焊接，可能影響中央神經系統，造成語言和行動功能受損。Fumes from stainless steel and other specialized consumables have the potential to contain certain compounds of Chromium and/or 28、nickel.Some of these compounds are known or suspected to have caused lung cancer in processes other than welding.從不銹鋼的發煙和其他專業消費品有潛力包含鉻和鎳某些化合物。除焊接之外，其中一些化合物在過程中知道或被懷疑有導致的肺癌。,Fumes and Gasses煙塵和廢氣,Contaminants in the weld plume:焊接中的污染物：,The most common coating found at Greenheck is Zinc,which is the c29、oating found on Galvanized or Galvaneal material.在格林瀚克最主要的涂層材料是鍍鋅板,是一種電鍍或熱鍍鋅的材料。Zinc melts between 800 and 900 and is easily vaporized by the welding arc.鋅融化在800度到900度之間,通過焊弧很易蒸發,。The resulting fume is Zinc Oxide.隨之發生煙是氧化鋅。Zinc Oxide,in large enough quantities can cause“Zinc Fever”or“Metal Fume Feve30、r”.氧化鋅，在足夠大的數量，可引起自然或金屬灰發燒。,Fumes and Gasses煙塵和廢氣,Fumes and Gasses煙塵和廢氣,Contaminants in the weld plume:焊接中的污染物：,Fumes and Gasses煙塵和廢氣,Gasses廢氣,Asphyxiates(inert)使窒息(惰性氣體),Irritants刺激性氣體,Systemic poisons全身的毒氣,Carbon dioxideArgon Carbon monoxide,二氧化碳氬氣一氧化碳,OzoneChloridesFluoridesSulfur dioxide,臭氧氯化物氟化31、物二氧化硫,Fluorides,Oxides of NitrogenPhosgene,氟化物氧化氮光氣,Confined Space:狹小的空間：,Asphyxiates can be very hazardous in confined spaces.在狹小的空間內,呼吸不暢是很危險的。These gases are heavier than air and can settle in enclosed areas and displace oxygen.這些氣體比空氣重，并能解決在封閉區和取代氧氣。Always use some type of ventilation to keep fr32、esh air flowing in this type of environment.總要使用一些通風器以保持新鮮空氣的流動，在這種類型的環境。There may not be any warning signs of oxygen deficiency.You may simply lose consciousness.可能沒有任何警告標志的氧氣不足。你可能很容易失去意識。,Fumes and Gasses煙塵和廢氣,Gases produced by welding:焊接產生的氣體：,Care must be taken when using cleaning solvents form33、ulated with chlorinated hydrocarbons.必須注意當使用清洗溶劑與氯化碳氫化合物Trichloroethylene and Perchloroethylene are examples of these.氯乙烯和全氯乙烯是這些的例子。When vapors from these cleaning solvents are exposed to UV from the welding arc,Phosgene gas is produced.當蒸汽從這些清洗溶劑是暴露在紫外線從焊接電弧，光氣是天然氣生產。,Fumes and Gasses煙塵和廢氣,Ozone c34、an be a problem when welding Aluminum當焊接鋁件時臭氧是一個問題。Can cause headache,chest pain,and shortness of breath.能導致頭痛,胸悶和呼吸短促。Very high levels of exposure to ozone can cause fluid to build up in the lungs and even death.非常嚴重的暴露于臭氧中能使流進肺中和甚至死亡。,Fumes and Gasses煙塵和廢氣,Gases produced by welding:焊接產生的氣體：,The pr35、oduction of Ozone depends on the type of filler metal used.臭氧的產生主要依靠那種焊絲被使用。The use of 4043 filler metal causes the formation of ozone.使用4043焊絲能導致臭氧的產生。,Fumes and Gasses煙塵和廢氣,Gases produced by welding:焊接產生的氣體：,Reducing the Risk:減少危險：,Keep your head out of the welding plume.保持你的頭部離開焊接廢氣。,Fumes and Ga36、sses煙塵和廢氣,Reducing the Risk:減少危險：,Fumes and Gasses煙塵和廢氣,Use local fume extraction devices to help remove the fume.利用局部的排煙裝置，以幫助排走煙氣。,Reducing the Risk:減少危險：,Fumes and Gasses煙塵和廢氣,Use filters or other devices to filter the air in your breathing zone.在你呼吸地方使用過濾器或其他裝置，以過濾空氣。,Reducing the Risk:減少危險：,Fum37、es and Gasses煙塵和廢氣,In some cases it may be necessary to remove the coating from the base metal before welding.在某些情況下，也許要先清理涂層從金屬母材上在焊前Make sure you know the proper way to remove the coating.Grinding some coatings may be just as hazardous as welding.確保您知道正確的做法對于清理涂層。磨削有些涂料可能只是為減少焊接危險,Burns are one of38、 the most common hazards faced in all welding processes.燒傷是最常見的危險在所有焊接工作中。Arc radiation,sparks,spatter,and the parts themselves can cause serious injury.電弧輻射，火花飛濺及零件本身可能導致嚴重傷害。,Burns and Fire燒傷和火災,Protective Clothing and Gear.防護服和手套。,Burns and Fire燒傷和火災,Proper gear and clothing can help protect you 39、from these hazards.適當的裝備和服裝可以幫助您避免這些危害。,Welding Mask,Welding Gloves,Dust Mask,Protective Clothing,Welding Apron,Cleaning solvents and degreasers are flammable and pose a severe fire and explosion hazard.清洗溶劑和脫脂劑是易燃的及構成嚴重火災和爆炸危險。,Burns and Fire燒傷和火災,Fire is also a major concern associated with weldin40、g.火災也是焊接時主要要考慮的。,These substances should be kept out of the welding area.這些物質應遠離焊接區域貯存。,Materials such as paper and rags are combustible and can be ignited by sparks and spatter from the welding process.材料如紙張和抹布都是易燃物，可點燃的火花飛濺從焊接過程中。These materials can smolder for hours before catching fire.這些材料在著火前能41、悶燒幾個小時。All combustible materials should be kept off the floor and out of the immediate welding area.所有可燃材料應保存在地面上，且于眼能看到的焊接區域。These materials should be placed in a fire proof container at the end of the shift.這些材料應保管在防火的柜子的最里面。Keep garbage cans covered near the welding area.確認焊接區附近的垃圾桶要蓋上。,Notice:注意42、：,Cigarette lighters should be kept out of pants or shirt pockets as these can explode when welding spatter comes in contact with and melts through the plastic shell.打火機不應該放在褲子或襯衣口袋里，因為這些焊渣飛濺能接觸到塑料外殼使其可能發生爆炸。Can explode with the same force as 3 sticks of dynamite.其爆炸的破壞力相當于3倍量的炸藥。,Burns and Fire燒傷和火43、災,Store cylinders away from heat.貯存氣瓶遠離熱。Be sure contents are clearly identified.確保所稱裝氣體是明顯的。Mark empty cylinders“EMPTY”用”EMPTY”標記空瓶。Use only in an upright and chained position.僅在豎立狀態下和束縛位置使用。Make sure the protective cap is in place whenever the cylinder is not connected for use.無論在使用或是不使用時，氣瓶的保護蓋一直44、要使用。,Compressed Gas Cylinders壓縮天然氣氣瓶,Do not drag,drop or roll cylinders.不能扯拽，投下及滾動氣瓶Never strike an arc on cylinders.不能在氣瓶上觸擊電弧 Keep welding cables and the welding circuit away from cylinders.保持焊接電纜及焊接電路遠離氣瓶Keep oil and grease away from oxygen,it can explode when pressurized.保持油和油脂遠離氧氣，當加壓是它可能發生爆炸Al45、ways leave some gas(50 psi)in the cylinder to prevent contamination and mixing of gasses.保持氣瓶里剩余一些氣體（50磅壓力），防止氣瓶污染或者混入其他氣體。,Compressed Gas Cylinders壓縮天然氣氣瓶,Noise is a problem with many operations on the shop floor.Ear plugs are required when on the shop floor.噪音是車間里許多作業都有的問題，所以在車間里需要耳塞。Not only will they protect you from noise,but will keep spatter out of your ears as well.耳塞既能幫你減少噪音，還可以防止飛濺物進到耳朵里。,Noise噪音,Take Responsibility foryour own personal safety.,