1、 Employment Potential of Renewable Energy in Saudi Arabia:A Value Chain AnalysisCian MulliganOctober 2023Doi:10.30573/KS-2023-DP152Employment Potential of Renewable Energy in Saudi ArabiaAbout KAPSARCKAPSARC is an advisory think tank within global energy economics and sustainability providing adviso

2、ry services to entities and authorities in the Saudi energy sector to advance Saudi Arabias energy sector and inform global policies through evidence-based advice and applied research.This publication is also available in Arabic.Legal Notice Copyright 2023 King Abdullah Petroleum Studies and Researc

3、h Center(“KAPSARC”).This Document(and any information,data or materials contained therein)(the“Document”)shall not be used without the proper attribution to KAPSARC.TheDocument shall not be reproduced,in whole or in part,without the written permissionof KAPSARC.KAPSARC makes no warranty,representati

4、on or undertaking whetherexpressed or implied,nor does it assume any legal liability,whether direct or indirect,or responsibility for the accuracy,completeness,or usefulness of any information thatis contained in the Document.Nothing in the Document constitutes or shall be implied toconstitute advic

5、e,recommendation or option.The views and opinions expressed in thispublication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official views or position of KAPSARC.3Employment Potential of Renewable Energy in Saudi ArabiaIntroductionSince the emergence of renewable energy as a credible

6、industry and in recent years in particular,much attention has been given to the employment potential of the energy transition.While renewable energy projects are assumed to be intrinsically worthwhile as aids in combating climate change and progressing toward more sustainable energy sources,with eac

7、h renewable project,there is also an announcement about the number of jobs that will result from the investment.Renewable energy is therefore expected to not only reduce the strain on the environment but also contribute to economic development.This link between renewable energy and employment has al

8、so received attention in research studies.The International Renewable Energy Association(IRENA)has been monitoring renewable energy employment for over a decade(IRENA 2022),reporting yearly increases and advocating the potential for future growth in the sector(Figure 1).The International Labor Organ

9、ization(ILO)focuses on renewable energy employment as a major factor in its“green jobs”workstream.It is an ILO priority to use green jobsbroadly speaking,jobs that contribute to the energy transition through renewable energy and energy efficiencyto transform the world of work and provide not only em

10、ployment but also“decent”jobs to citizens of the world(ILO 2018)and developing economies in particular.Figure 1.Global renewable energy employment by technology,20122021.024681012142012201320142015201620172018201920202021Global Renewable Energy Employment by Technology,MillionsSolar PVWindBioenergyH

11、ydropowerSolar heating/coolingOthersSource:Irena4Employment Potential of Renewable Energy in Saudi Arabiaresource.As local capabilities increase,the gains could branch into other industries and in this way contribute to economic development.Analysis of local content targets and the formulation of an

12、 optimized local content strategy require consideration of the specific national growth strategy and priorities of the country in question as well as the capabilities of local actors to perform the tasks.A good place to start such an analysis is to investigate the unique characteristics of the value

13、 chain of the industry,aligning localization goals with national human capital development goals.In this way,through a careful and overarching national local content strategy,each industry can contribute to development goals and help grow the national base of production.This paper investigates the c

14、ase of renewables in Saudi Arabia and analyzes how local content policies for renewable energy projects would best be applied to reap economic and employment benefits,taking into account Saudi Arabias development goals and the intricacies of the local labor market structure.The following section exa

15、mines the potential for renewable energy in the country and outlines relevant labor market issues.Section 3 analyzes the value chain of a solar PV plant and an onshore wind installation and discusses them in the context of Saudi Arabias unique labor market structure,which is the basis for the discus

16、sion in Section 4.The analysis reveals that while the renewable industry does have much potential for growth in Saudi Arabia,the jobs that will result from the industry do not necessarily match the skill set of the educated Saudi workforce.It is therefore the responsibility of developers of careful

17、local content strategy to optimize the value to be localized given the realities of the industry and to optimize localization to meet the priorities of Saudi Vision 2030.With this potential for a lucrative new sector,particularly in an industry with much goodwill attached,it is not surprising that g

18、overnments around the world have outlined their own green growthand green jobsstrategies,including the European Green New Deal in 2020,the nascent U.S.Green New Deal,1 and various Gulf Vision development plans,such as Saudi Vision 2030 and Oman Vision 2040(ILO 2020).All are betting heavily on the gr

19、een economy as a future area for job growth,and all seek to extract as much local economic value from investment in renewable energy as possible.The need for increased renewable output due to energy transition commitments as well as purported green growth gains make the renewable value chain an attr

20、active target for localization and associated local content policies.This is true in both developed and developing countries.Developed countries in Western Europe and North America have experience with(especially foreign direct)investment not benefiting the host communities,and popular concerns abou

21、t increasing inequality in countries such as the UK and US have translated into localization mandates,especially for government contracts.2 The recent Inflation Reduction Act signed by Joe Biden in 2022 is a prime example,as it makes provisions for capturing value within each community that attracts

22、 investment(DAI 2022).For developing countries,on the other hand,local content policies can be powerful tools that contribute to overall industrial development.Certain promising industries can be targeted,and local content policies can stipulate the hiring of local workers,the use of local suppliers

23、 and vendors,and many other localization conditions.The most basic example is in resource-rich economies,where the government attempts to localize aspects of the value chain of the Introduction5Employment Potential of Renewable Energy in Saudi ArabiaThat Saudi Arabia is an attractive market for rene

24、wable energy projectsand solar technologies in particularis not a surprise.Famous for its desert sun,the country has one of the highest levels of solar radiation hours in the world,with an estimated 3,245 sunshine hours per year(Pazheri et al,2014).Furthermore,Saudi Arabias population centers are cl

25、ustered around a few areas on the east and west coastsin addition to the central capital city of Riyadhyet the country takes up the majority of the Arabian Peninsula,meaning there is abundant uninhabited land to potentially install large-scale solar PV farms.In 2021,the Ministry of Energy opened the

26、 Sakaka solar power plant in Al Jawf,with an installed capacity of 300 MW.The project is merely the first step under the Saudi National Renewable Energy Plan(NREP),which aims to produce 9.5 GW of renewable energy by 2023(Bhatt 2021).NREPs ambition is to produce 58.7 GW of renewable energy by 2030,wi

27、th solar PV comprising 40 GW(SIDF 2022).In addition to solar energy,Saudi Arabia has much potential for onshore wind energy,with average wind speeds between 6 and 8 m/s(Renewable Resource Atlas)that comfortably pass the threshold for commercial viability(IRENA 2017b).The coast of the Red Sea,as well

28、 as mountainous areas in the north of the country,have been designated as priority targets for onshore wind,and a wind farm at Dumat al Jandal has been connected to the Saudi national grid since 2021,with 93 wind turbines and an installed capacity of 400 MW(Bhatt 2021).Many more onshore wind project

29、s are in the tender phase,while offshore potential is still being explored.In addition to these solar and onshore wind plans,Saudi Arabia is a real contender to be a market leader in the development of green hydrogen.The production of hydrogen using renewable energy will obviously require vast amoun

30、ts of extra renewable capacity,which must be centered around ports and industrial areas to benefit from supply chains if,as is expected,the hydrogen is to be exported(Hasan and Shabaneh 2021).Currently,ACWA Power has one green hydrogen plant planned near the NEOM giga project,and Saudi Arabia is see

31、n globally as the country most likely to make the technology commercially viable(Hasan and Shabaneh 2021).Renewable energy in Saudi Arabia has such economic potential that it is no surprise that the development of the industry has been cemented as a major priority for the government.Renewable energy

32、 was one of five sectors given priority status in the National Industrial Development&Logistics Program of Vision 2030(Saudi Vision 2030 2018).Furthermore,due to energy transition commitments,the output of the sector has become increasingly important.In October 2021,the minister for energy announced

33、 that 50%of Saudi domestic electricity use would be sourced from renewable resources by 2030(Saudi Ministry of Energy 2021).That same year,the country launched the Saudi Green Initiative,which placed sustainability at the heart of government policy(Saudi Vision 2030 2021a).Finally,in advance of COP2

34、6 in Glasgow,Saudi Arabia pledged to have net zero carbon emissions by 2060.While carbon capture and storage are a major part of the thinking behind the pledge,the target cannot be achieved without increasing renewable energy generation.This is especially true if Saudi Arabia is to continue benefiti

35、ng from oil export revenues.Local Content Developments in Renewables in Saudi ArabiaOf course,due to the vast potential of the industry,multiple localization policies have already been Saudi Arabias Renewable Energy Industry Potential6Employment Potential of Renewable Energy in Saudi Arabiainitiated

36、 in these early years of renewable energy production in Saudi Arabia.The Renewable Energy Project Development Office(REPDO)was established in parallel with Saudi Vision 2030 and was intended as a means to both reduce dependency on oil and support the localization of renewable components.In 2017,REPD

37、O launched its first round of tendered bids,which included the Sakaka solar PV project as well as the Dumat al Jandal onshore wind project.Local content mandates for this first round were measured by the National Renewable Energy Program(NREP)Saudization Compliance Metric(NSCM).The NSCM involved a s

38、imple calculation of the level of local(Saudi)employment and local spending as a proportion of total capital expenditure.For consideration in REPDO Round One,bidders needed to have an NSCM above 30%.Local content in Saudi Arabia became more centralized in 2019 with the establishment of the Local Con

39、tent and Government Procurement Authority(LCGPA),which took over the measurement of localization efforts for further REPDO bidding rounds.The LCGPAs founding mandate was to direct national purchasing power through local content,SMEs and listed companies(Von Hammerstein 2022).The authority operates t

40、hrough its Local Content Mechanism(LCM),which is a complementary bundle of criteria and regulations that enforces local content in the context of the specific industry(see Table 1).The burgeoning renewable energy industry was judged to have limited domestic production capacity at the outset,resultin

41、g in negligible price preference mandates,and there were no applicable products on the mandatory list(SIDF 2022).Therefore,for the REPDO tenders,the most salient part of the LCM to consider was the minimum local content threshold.The minimum threshold was 17%for Round 2 and increased to 18%for Round

42、 3.While a bidder may win the tender with a significant minimum local content threshold declaration,it is important to note that the localization performance is audited on the commercial operations date of the contract,and deviations from the projected local content score at the time of tender could

43、 be cause for penalties.For example,for Round 2 of REPDO,the penalties ranged from USD$0.15 to$4.5 m per percentage point below the minimum score of 17%.A final score below 11.5%could lead to exclusion from bidding for subsequent REPDO tenders(Von Hammerstein 2022).Saudi Arabias Renewable Energy Ind

44、ustry PotentialTable 1.LCGPA Local Content Mechanism.MechanismDescriptionPrice PreferenceNational products receive a price preference by adding 10%to foreign products in government tendersMandatory ListA list of national products that must be adhered to during fulfillment of the contractLocal Conten

45、t Score in Commercial EvaluationAllows listing in the national stock market to count toward local content scoreMinimum Local Content ThresholdA formal score threshold set by LCGPA based on the industry context and audited by LCGPA at commercial operations dateSource:LCGPA.7Employment Potential of Re

46、newable Energy in Saudi ArabiaIn addition to the minimum threshold of the local content score,in the first three REPDO rounds,tenders were separated into Group A(below 150 MW)or Group B(above 150 MW)to encourage local Saudi firms to engage in the bidding process for smaller projects in Group A witho

47、ut having to compete with larger international companies.Regarding the mandatory list,for all REPDO rounds thus far,there have been no listed products for onshore wind or solar PV.Solar PV panels and modules were added to the mandatory list at the end of 2022 for state-owned companies and in April 2

48、023 for government entities.The mandatory list includes details for a number of local factories that may act as vendors when solar PV is being installed.Specifically,there is a price(preference)ceiling of 15%for these local vendors.Crucial for the analysis to come in the next section,the mandatory l

49、ist does not apply to solar PV panels and modules to be used for photovoltaic power stations with installed capacity over 50 MW.Manufacturing of solar PV has been heavily targeted for localization,particularly in the module assembly phase.At the time of writing,there are three module assemblers and

50、one manufacturer of encapsulants(SIDF 2022).However,utility-scale solar fields such as Sakaka use Chinese-made modules.The ambition of REPDO and LCGPA in targeting and capturing value from renewable value projects has been impressive in the early stages of large-scale renewable energy industry devel

51、opment in Saudi Arabia.In the next section,we move beyond the industrial policy perspective and introduce the human capital aspect that successful local value retention will hinge upon in the years to come.The Human Capital PotentialThis section has thus far made the case for the abundance of natura

52、l resources available for renewable energy projects and the political will driving Saudi Arabias renewable energy ambitions and attempts to localize value in the early stages.However,a major consideration is that discussions of the potential localization success of any investment in the country must

53、 center around human capital.While the potential of the industry is indisputable,and the backing at all levels of government has been demonstrated,it will ultimately be people on the ground performing the tasks who will determine the success or failure of any local content policies in the industry.T

54、he Saudi Arabian labor market has a structure much different from that of other G20 countries but very similar to that of other GCC countries.In Saudi Arabia,as in the UAE,Bahrain and Qatar,national citizens have traditionally preferred employment in the high-paying public sector,and the private sec

55、tor is dominated by low-paid expatriate jobs,mostly in services and construction.Figure 2 uses recent available data to detail the current structure of employment in the country.While this structure is characteristic of labor markets in the region,Saudi Arabia is different in that its population is

56、much greater than those of its Gulf neighbors,and therefore,the public sector cannot absorb the number of citizens needed to clear the market.This has led to unemployment among Saudi nationals rising to the top of the social agenda in the country and is a crucial part of Saudi Vision 2030.A governme

57、nt priority in the 2010s was increasing Saudi presence in the private sector,and this goal was pursued using labor nationalization policies known colloquially as Saudization and formalized in the Nitaqat system.Under this system,private companies were obliged to maintainbased on company size and sec

58、tora certain minimum percentage of Saudi employees.In addition,more Saudi Arabias Renewable Energy Industry Potential8Employment Potential of Renewable Energy in Saudi Arabiaspecific Saudization policies targeted certain key professions(such as pharmacy,engineering,and cinema workers)that were deeme

59、d strategic for human capital goals(Mulligan 2023).The Nitaqat system and other Saudization policies have had an effect,and there is no doubt that Saudi workers no longer shy away from the private sector,as previous cohorts may have done;however,there is still a mismatch between Saudi workers and th

60、e structure of the private sector.Many of the jobs filled by expatriates are low skilled and low paying and therefore are not a good fit for Saudization.Figure 3 displays the education characteristics of employees in the country by nationality,showing that Saudis Saudi Arabias Renewable Energy Indus

61、try PotentialFigure 2.Employment structure of Saudi Arabian labor market(Q4 2021).Note:Data from Saudi Arabian Labor Force Survey do not count Saudis working for their own businesses and not subscribed to social insurance or workers in military and security sectors.Source:GAStat,GOSI.01,000,0002,000

62、,0003,000,0004,000,0005,000,0006,000,0007,000,0008,000,0009,000,00010,000,000Public SectorPrivate SectorEmployment in Saudi ArabiaSaudiNon-Saudiare much better educated than their expatriate coworkers,with 46 percent having at least a third-level diploma compared to 28 percent of expatriates.This di

63、fference also applies to the Saudi unemployed,of whom almost 70%have at least some third-level education(Figure 4).3 Furthermore,on average,Saudis are paid much higher than expatriates4(Figure 5),regardless of education level,with an average wage premium of 59%across the entire labor market,and they

64、 usually work an average of 7 hours less per week(GaStat 2022).5 The majority of jobs in this private sector are not desirable to Saudis;therefore,the business model of these companies could suffer under strict Saudization mandates(Hertog 2018).9Employment Potential of Renewable Energy in Saudi Arab

65、iaSaudi Arabias Renewable Energy Industry PotentialSource:GAStat.Figure 3.Employees in Saudi Arabia by education level and nationality.Source:GAStat.Figure 4.Saudi unemployment distribution by education level(Q4 2021).0510152025303540No schoolingEarly childhood educationPrimary educationLower second

66、ary educationUpper secondary educationPostsecondary nontertiary educationShort-cycle tertiary educationBachelors or equivalent level Masters or equivalent level Doctoral or equivalent levelSaudi Arabia Employees by Education and Nationality,Q2 2022PercentageNon-Saudi EmployedSaudi employedDistributi

67、on of Saudi Unemployment by Education Level,Q4 202198884,12%256501,30%71627,8%410367,49%9098,1%Below SecondarySecondaryPostsecondary courseBachelorsAdvanced10Employment Potential of Renewable Energy in Saudi ArabiaThe goal of labor market policy in Saudi Arabia,and Vision 2030 employment goals in ge

68、neral,is therefore not to replace private sector workers with Saudis but to replace this private sector with one that is attractive to Saudis,with new industries and well-paid jobs in meaningful careers.The work of the PIF and the Saudi government with the giga projects can be understood in this con

69、text,with massive investment being undertaken and the development of local talent being just as important as the financial returns.It is seen as the task of economic development planners to strategize investment in new industriesand jobsthat will be attractive to highly educated Saudi citizens.As re

70、newable energy is one of these sectors that is viewed as having much potentialfor industrial policy as well as outputthe question arises of how best to use this potential to benefit the citizens of Saudi Arabia.Any investmentwhether from within or outside the countryhas the potential for its added v

71、alue to bypass the local economy;therefore,careful planning is necessary to target specific areas to concentrate localization areas.The next section examines the value chains of both solar PV and onshore wind and ascertains where local content policies could be targeted to optimize and reap the soci

72、oeconomic benefits of the energy transition.Source:GAStat.Figure 5.Monthly wages by education level and nationality(Q4 2021).Saudi Arabias Renewable Energy Industry Potential05,00010,00015,00020,00025,00030,000No schoolingEarly childhood educationPrimary educationLower secondary educationUpper secon

73、dary educationPostsecondary nontertiary educationShort-cycle tertiary educationBachelors or equivalent level Masters or equivalent level Doctoral or equivalent levelTotalSaudi Arabia Employees Average Wages by Education and NationalitySaudiNon-SaudiSAR11Employment Potential of Renewable Energy in Sa

74、udi ArabiaIt is one thing to talk about the potential of employment as a result of investment in renewable energy projects,and it is quite another to open the“green box”and review the exact nature of these jobs and where along the value chain they will be situated.Analysis of the value chain of thes

75、e renewable energy projects allows policy makers to plan ahead to see what jobs will be available,whether the workforce is available,and what areas to target for localization goals that align with the countrys development strategy.Analyzing the Value Chains of Renewable Energy ProjectsIn addition to

76、 its work quantifying broader trends in renewable energy employment,IRENA has been active in this research field for some time and has produced some detailed reports that break down the employment possibilities of both a 50 MW solar PV plant and a 50 MW onshore wind installation(IRENA 2017a and b),f

77、rom initial planning and procurement to the final decommissioning at the end of the project life cycle(assumed to be 2530 years).Source:IRENA.Figure 6.Value chain of renewable energy.IRENA imposes a linear value chain in their analysis for both onshore wind and solar PV(Figure 6).The chain starts wi

78、th project planning,which includes site selection,financial feasibility studies,preliminary engineering,and regulatory and insurance contracts.The process continues on to manufacturing,entailing the physical production of solar panels and modules for solar PV and wind turbines for onshore wind.The t

79、ransport phase is the shipping of the manufactured products to the final site.Installation and grid connection6 involve assembling the equipment at the final site and not only physically connecting the output to the national grid but also fulfilling regulatory requirements that ensure compatibility.

80、Operations and maintenance(O&M)is the day-to-day running and management of the facility,including repairs and replacement of machinery.Finally,at the end of the value chainand the life cycle of the plantis the decommissioning phase,when the site is cleared and the equipment is dismantled and recycle

81、d.The reports detail the person-days required for each phase.Source:IRENA.Figure 7.Solar PV employment requirements along the value chain.12Employment Potential of Renewable Energy in Saudi ArabiaFirst,we can see that 229,055 person days are necessary for the life span of the 50 MW solar PV plant(Fi

82、gure 7),with most of these jobs in the O&M(56%)and manufacturing(22%)phases.It is worth highlighting that the O&M person-days are the sum Analyzing the Value Chains of Renewable Energy ProjectsSource:IRENA.Figure 8.Onshore wind employment requirements along the value chain.of work over the entire 25

83、-year life span,7 while the other elements of the value chain consist mostly of one-off contract work.Decommissioning the plant,for example,has a specific duration and time limitation.Turning to the onshore wind installation(Figure 8),a total of 144,420 person-days are required for the life cycle of

84、 the project,with the majority of these hours again coming in the O&M phase(43%)and a significant portion(30%)designated for installation and grid connection.Analyzing the Data:Standardizing OccupationsWhile it is informative to view the employment requirements along the value chain,we can go one st

85、ep further in this analysis and examine the quality and nature of the jobs on offer.In addition to counting the overall hours necessary to complete the phases,IRENA detailed the types of jobs and tasks that would be required for each phase.From this,we can obtain much more granularity for the jobs c

86、reatedand the potential for localizationby investment in solar PV and onshore wind.The breakdown of occupations in the IRENA reports is quite detailed32 unique occupations are listed for solar and 30 for wind;however,the objective of this study is to make the data applicable and comparable to the cu

87、rrent Saudi labor market.In 2020,the Saudi Arabian Shura Council approved a new system for classifying occupations in the country,bringing the data collection more in line with international standards for defining occupations(GaStat 2019).Using this recently introduced Saudi Standard Classification

88、of Occupations published by the General Authority for Statistics,it is possible to group these data on employment along the renewables value chain into broad categories and in this form to obtain a good idea of what the value of jobs in renewable energy will be to the Saudi labor market.The Saudi St

89、andard Classification of Occupations outlines 10 major groups(outlined in Table 2),each with various subgroups that detail over 2,000 discrete occupations.For this analysis,we applied the detailed occupations described by IRENA that are needed for the life cycle of a solar PV plant and onshore wind

90、installation and matched each one with an appropriate occupation within one of 13Employment Potential of Renewable Energy in Saudi Arabiathe subgroups of the Unified Saudi Occupation Classification status.8 Using this method,we can better understand how the data apply to the current Saudi labor mark

91、et.Of note in the table is that some of the main occupation groups are very broad;for example,the“professionals”category contains 628 unique professions,while“clerical Source:GAStat.Analyzing the Value Chains of Renewable Energy Projectssupport workers”has only 52.Naturally,this leads to much dispar

92、ity within the broader categories;however,the main categories all contain a spectrum of minimum and maximum education attainedprofessionals in this case are thus more translatable to skilled workers with advanced education.Table 2.Classification of occupations.Occupation groupUnique sub-occupationsE

93、xamplesArmed forces18Soldier,royal guardManagers311CEO,government minister,village chief,research managerProfessionals628Scientist,engineer,designer,teacherTechnitions and associate professionals370Plant supervisor,artists,prayer caller,professional athletesClerical support workers52Customer service

94、 worker,data entry,bank tellerService and sales workers109Driving instructor,shop salesperson,Skilled argricultural,forestry and fishing 53Farmer,coastal fisherCraft and related trades workers179Carpenter,stone mason,house painterPlant and machine operators218Offshore drilling rig operator,textile m

95、achine operator,vehicle assembler,train driverElementary occupations77Cleaner,construction worker,refuse worker2015Source:GAStat.For the data analysis,we converted IRENAs person-day units into FTE.9 As mentioned earlier in this section,O&M is unique in the value chain in that its person-days(and the

96、refore FTE)accumulate over many years.O&M therefore has the potential to distort the occupation requirements for the analysis,as it is possible to recount the required occupations(and associated FTE).To make O&M comparable to the other phases(and to analyze the occupation requirements correctly),the

97、 average of employment throughout the life cycle of the plant is used,representing the average number of person-hours in the phase for the life cycle.10Figure 9 below displays the hiring needs of 50 MW onshore wind and solar PV plants,organized using the Unified Saudi Occupation Classification Statu

98、s.It shows that“elementary”and“plant and machine operators”dominate both professions,together accounting for 71%of the jobs needed for both solar PV and onshore wind plants.Also significant are“professionals”with 22%of the jobs created for onshore wind and 20%of those for solar PV.14Employment Poten

99、tial of Renewable Energy in Saudi ArabiaGoing even further in the analysis,we can break down the data in the phases discussed previously in this section.Figure 10 presents the FTE necessary for solar PV by phase in the value chain,and Figure 11 shows the breakdown for onshore wind.When the cumulativ

100、e Figure 9.Hiring needs of solar PV and onshore wind by occupation.Analyzing the Value Chains of Renewable Energy Projectsnature of O&M is taken into account,we can see that the manufacturing and installation and grid connection phases demand the bulk of FTE,and these phases are also where the major

101、ity of“elementary”and“plant and machinery operator”jobs are allocated.050100150200250300350400450Onshore WindSolar PVHiring Needs of 50 MW Solar PV and Onshore Wind by Occupation GroupTechnicians and associate professionalsProfessionalsPlant and machine operatorsManagersElementaryClerical supportFTE

102、Source:Authors calculations based on IRENA and GAStat.15Employment Potential of Renewable Energy in Saudi ArabiaAnalyzing the Value Chains of Renewable Energy ProjectsSource:IRENA,authors calculations.Figure 10.Hiring needs of a solar PV project by value chain phase and occupation.Source:IRENA,autho

103、rs calculations.Figure 11.Hiring needs of an onshore wind project by value chain phase and occupation.050100150200250Project Planning ManufacturingTransportInstallation&GridConnectionO&MDecommissioningHiring Needs of a 50 MW Solar PV Plant by Phase and OccupationClerical supportElementaryManagersPla

104、nt and machine operatorsProfessionalsTechnicians and associatesFTE020406080100120140Project PlanningManufacturingTransportInstallation&GridConnectionO&MDecommissioningHiring Needs of a 50 MW Onshore Wind Plant by Phase and OccupationFTEClerical supportElementaryManagersPlant and machine operatorsPro

105、fessionalsTechnicians and associates16Employment Potential of Renewable Energy in Saudi ArabiaOf note when comparing the employment characteristics of the two renewable energy technologies is the greater FTE for O&M in solar PV,which is salient due to the“permanent”nature of these occupations compar

106、ed to the other phases.Analyzing the Job Breakdown in the Context of the Saudi Labor Market StructureThe unique(outside the GCC)structure of the Saudi labor market also needs to be considered in any analysis of localization policies that focus on employment.Recall that the Saudi private sector is do

107、minated by low-wage,lower-skilled expatriate workers and that diversification and localization goals are focused on reforming the private sector to absorb currently unemployed Saudis and to develop an industrial base to employ Saudi youths who are currently being educated and are about to enter the

108、labor force.Therefore,at the outset of any localization decision,care must be taken to balance the dual goals of ensuring that the jobs resulting from any investment must both be attractive to Saudis and contribute to a sustainable business model within the targeted industry.The Saudi Unified Classi

109、fication of Occupations data are not useful just for grouping similar occupations but are also used by GaStat in analyzing the current Saudi labor market in terms of occupational groups.Figure 12 reports the most recent number of workers in each of the broad occupation groups,Analyzing the Value Cha

110、ins of Renewable Energy ProjectsFigure 12.Private sector employees by occupation group and nationality(Q4 2021).Source:GAStat.01122334ManagersProfessionalsTechnicians and associate professionalsClerical support workersService and sales workersSkilled agricultural,forestry and fishery workersCraft an

111、d related trades workersPlant and machine operators,and assemblersElementary occupationsOther OccupationMillionsPrivate Sector Employees by Occupation and NationalitySaudiNon-Saudi17Employment Potential of Renewable Energy in Saudi ArabiaAnalyzing the Value Chains of Renewable Energy Projectsbroken

112、down by nationality.As these data come from private sector companies,and we have reported in the previous section that this sector is dominated by expatriates,it is no surprise that non-Saudis dominate most occupations.“Elementary”occupations,for example,make up a large proportion of the entire priv

113、ate sector;these are mostly low-paid,low-skilled jobs that are therefore dominated by expatriates.Similarly,manual labor,such as“plant and machine operation,”“skilled agricultural,forestry and fishery workers,”and“craft and trade”jobs,all report 90%non-Saudi employment.On the other hand,Saudis are m

114、ore represented in the“technicians and associate professionals,”11“managers”and“professionals”Categories.This makes sense,as the countrys national labor force is very well educated.With this in mind,let us return to the data on solar PV and onshore wind.A simple way to gauge the possible level of th

115、e initial Saudization of the industry is to consider the current shares of workers in each occupation by nationality from Figure 12 and apply these shares to the employment needs of each occupation that were obtained in the previous analysis.12 Figure 13 reports this breakdown for both wind and sola

116、r.Source:IRENA,GaStat,authors calculations.Figure 13.Employment needs by nationality(FTE for 50 MW production).050100150200250300350400WindSolarOnshore Wind and Solar PV Employment by NationalitySaudiNon-SaudiFTE18Employment Potential of Renewable Energy in Saudi ArabiaAs we might expect,due to the

117、dominance of elementary and plant and machine operator occupations,the majority of jobs in the value chain for both solar PV and onshore wind would go to non-Saudis.Saudis in each renewable technology industry would command approximately 23%of the total FTE.Figures 14 and 15 break down the occupatio

118、n needs by nationality using the same criteria.Notable is the significant number of“professional”occupations that would be created,especially for Saudis.It is important to note that these charts visualize the share of occupations by nationality in the absence of regulation.With targeted intervention

119、 in the form Analyzing the Value Chains of Renewable Energy ProjectsFigure 14.Solar PV employment by occupation and nationality share(FTE for 50 MW production).Source:IRENA,GAStat,authors calculations.050100150200250300350400SaudiNon-SaudiSolar PV Employment by Occupation and NationalityFTEClerical

120、supportElementaryManagersPlant and machine operatorsProfessionalsTechnicians and associatesof Saudization minimums in the industry as well as further local content policies throughout the value chain,theoretically,100%of the jobs created along the solar PV and onshore wind value chain could be reser

121、ved for Saudis.The question,however,is whether the localization of this industry would be consistent with the long-term national development plan and what effect these policies would have on the industry itself.While the analysis presented here is admittedly very generalizedusing broad groups of occ

122、upations and mapping employment shares from a snapshot 19Employment Potential of Renewable Energy in Saudi ArabiaAnalyzing the Value Chains of Renewable Energy ProjectsSource:IRENA,GAStat,authors calculations.Figure 15.Onshore wind employment by occupation and nationality share(FTE for 50 MW product

123、ion).of employment in the country at a specific point in timeit is possible to obtain an indication of the employment potential of solar PV and onshore wind,the nature of these jobs,and how suitable these jobs will be for the reforming Saudi labor market.The upshot is that the majority of jobs that

124、will be created in the value chain for renewable technology will be low-skilled and(without significant market intervention)low-paid jobs,grouped into the“elementary”and“plant and machine operator”occupational categories into which Saudi workers do not automatically self-select.If the industry is ta

125、rgeted for strict localization,Saudi minimum wages(compared to lower-paid expatriates in the same positions)will be a cost point in the industry and affect the ability to produce renewable energy at globally competitive prices.Localization of the industry therefore must perform a delicate balancing

126、act in order to capture the added value of the operation without disrupting the industry.The next section discusses these issues and some options for a cohesive local content strategy in the industry.050100150200250SaudiNon-SaudiWind Employment by Occupation and NationalityFTEClerical supportElement

127、aryManagersPlant and machine operatorsProfessionalsTechnicians and associates20Employment Potential of Renewable Energy in Saudi ArabiaThe Mirage of Manufacturing LocalizationManufacturing rightly receives much attention in discussions of localization and local content policy,especially in developin

128、gand diversifyingeconomies.The development of a strong manufacturing sector is vital for sustainable economic growth and has multiplier effects across other sectors and industries.In the localization plans for solar PV and onshore wind,we have seen that in Saudi Arabia,there are also plans for parts

129、 of the manufacturing process to be localized.Intuitively,this makes sense,as the manufacturing phase of the value chain contains a large share of the employment needs,particularly for solar PV.However,further analysis of the type of jobs that would be created upon localization indicated that while

130、a significant minority of the jobs would be higher-educated professional occupations(and therefore attractive for Saudization),the majority would be less-skilled and lower-paying plant and machine operator positions,which are currently dominated by expatriate workers(Figures 16 and 17).Figures 18 an

131、d 19 offer a detailed breakdown of areas within the manufacturing phase that could be targeted by local content policies.For onshore wind,IRENA regards the domestic production of nacellesthe housing for all the generating components of the wind turbineas the most promising area for localization(IREN

132、A 2017a).Figures 18a and 18b show that these produce mostly process and machine operator jobs,and therefore,based on current labor market occupational divisionsand without significant labor nationalizationnacelle production would employ mostly non-Saudis.The development of the blades and tower syste

133、m offers similar types of employment.On the other hand,from a cost perspective regardless of employment,domestic manufacturing for onshore wind turbines might make economic sense due to savings in transport costs.Wind turbines have notoriously high transport costs,and large producers opt for regiona

134、l manufacturing hubs in high-demand areas to reduce these costs(IRENA 2017b)Figures 19a and 19b offer a similar breakdown of the manufacturing phase for solar PV.Again,we see the dominance of plant and machinery occupations,which are not automatically skills and education matches for Saudi workers.E

135、quipment for solar PV generation is much easier to transport than wind turbines,and importing therefore does not add to transportation costs.A greater decision point in whether to localize solar PV manufacturing is access to raw materials that are vital to the production process(discussed later in t

136、his section).Full Saudization of employment in both onshore wind and solar PV manufacturing is possible;however,this would affect the cost point of the manufacturers due to the higher wages demanded by Saudis.Again,these jobs are not a skills match for educated Saudisboth those about to enter the la

137、bor force and those currently unemployedand it is therefore difficult to see the benefit of the complete Saudization of manufacturing jobs in renewable energy.It is worth mentioning,however,that Saudi Arabias Human Capability Development Program(HCDP)details a desire to encourage Saudis to enter car

138、eers that do not necessarily require university education and the development of a strong Technical and Vocational Education and Training(TVET)system that would facilitate this skills transition(Saudi Vision 2030,2021b).In addition,from an energy security point of view and with Saudi Arabias commitm

139、ent to generate 50%of its electricity from renewables by 2030,it would help to have domestic manufacturing capacity for solar PV equipment in particular.Discussion and Conclusion21Employment Potential of Renewable Energy in Saudi ArabiaDiscussion and ConclusionSource:IRENA,GAStat,authors calculation

140、s.Figure 16.Manufacturing employment in onshore wind projects by occupation and nationality share.Source:IRENA,GAStat,authors calculations.Figure 17.Manufacturing employment in solar PV projects by occupation and nationality share.0102030405060SaudiNon SaudiOccupation Needs for Manufacturing Phase o

141、f 50 MW Onshore Wind by NationalityFTEClerical supportElementaryManagersPlant and machine operatorsProfessionalsTechnicians and associates020406080100120140160SaudiNon-SaudiOccupation Needs for Manufacturing Phase of 50 MW Solar PV by NationalityFTEClerical supportElementaryManagersPlant and machine

142、 operatorsProfessionalsTechnicians and associates22Employment Potential of Renewable Energy in Saudi ArabiaFurthermore,while both solar PV and onshore wind are still relatively young industries that benefit greatly from new research and innovation,manufacturing markets for renewables are captured la

143、rgely by industry players that have been active for at least a decade.Specifically,for solar PV,China commanded 84%of the global solar panel manufacturing capacity in 2021(IEA 2022),including dominant shares in the production of the polysilicon and wafers needed to produce solar panels.For Saudi man

144、ufacturers to compete with foreign manufacturers in this industry,subsidies would be required to protect the infant industry,which would technically conflict with WTO commitments.Beyond this,to keep pace with market leaders,Saudi manufacturers would need to keep costs extremely low,which means wages

145、 would be an issue,especially if Saudization policies mandate hiring potentially high-earning Saudi workers.Of course,government support for wages in Saudized sectors is possible;however,support in these programs is usually limited to 2-3 years.Finally,in addition to all these issues,the jobs create

146、d in plant and machine operator occupations have a high risk of automation in the near term,with many of these jobs at risk of being replaced by automated assembly lines(Georgieff and Milanez 2021).Therefore,targeting manufacturing jobs for localization is not an optimal strategy for achieving long-

147、term employment goals and economic development through the use of local content policies.Discussion and ConclusionFigure 18a.Manufacturing employment in 50 MW onshore wind by occupation and component.Source:IRENA,GaStat,authors calculations.A0510152025303540NacelleBladesTowerMonitor and control syst

148、emPotential Saudization of Manufacturing Onshore WindSaudiNon-SaudiFTE23Employment Potential of Renewable Energy in Saudi ArabiaDiscussion and ConclusionSource:IRENA,GaStat,authors calculations.Figure 18b.Manufacturing employment in 50 MW onshore wind by nationality share and component.Figure 19a.Ma

149、nufacturing employment in 50 MW solar PV by occupation and component.Source:IRENA,GaStat,authors calculations.0510152025303540NacelleBladesTowerMonitor and control systemOnshore Wind Manufacturing Breakdown by OccupationBPlant and Machine OperatorsProfessionalsClericalManagersFTEA0102030405060708090

150、100Solar cellsSolar modulesInvertersSolar trackers and structuresSolar Manufacturing Breakdown by OccupationPlant and Machine OperatorsProfessionalsClericalFTE24Employment Potential of Renewable Energy in Saudi ArabiaNot a“Green Bullet”for Saudi Labor Market IssuesWhile the Saudi labor market has un

151、dergone much reform in recent years,two major issues highlighted in Section 2 are i)a need for Saudi nationals to engage with private sector employment and ii)the Saudi unemployment rate.The data in Section 3 show that the jobs created by investment in solar PV and onshore wind would not necessarily

152、 alleviate these issues.First,of all the jobs that will be created,the current structure of the Saudi labor market indicates that without market interventions such as Saudization for renewable projects,much of the employment will not automatically go to Saudi citizens.Regarding unemployment,if we re

153、call the analysis in Section 2,a substantial number of unemployed Saudis are highly educated and therefore do not match the lower-skilled and less-educated nature of the jobs that will be on offer,even if strict Saudization occurs.It is worth remembering that Saudis earn higher wages at all levels o

154、f education,which may increase costs in building up the renewable industry if Saudi wage premiums are demanded at even the lowest levels of production.On the other hand,it is completely possible for Saudi Arabia to engage in a strategy that maximizes Discussion and ConclusionFigure 19b.Manufacturing

155、 Employment in 50 MW solar PV by nationality share and component.Source:IRENA,GaStat,authors calculations.B0102030405060708090100Solar CellsSolar modulesInvertersSolar trackers and structuresSolar Manufacturing Breakdown by Current Level of SaudizationSaudiNon-SaudiFTE25Employment Potential of Renew

156、able Energy in Saudi ArabiaDiscussion and Conclusionthe employment of its citizens in these renewable energy projects.Careful,targeted Saudization could mean that these jobs are reserved for citizens,while special training courses emphasizing green skills would go a long way toward differentiating u

157、nskilled jobs from those in other industries and sectors and would also justify the necessary higher wages.Such pathways are detailed in the HCDPs TVET plan.This will be a critical industrial policy decisionprioritizing locally added value over the output and competitiveness of the industry.Conclusi

158、on:Specific Local Content Strategy Is VitalThe previous two points outlined in this section converge on one main aspect of Saudi Arabias engagement with its burgeoning renewable energy sector:the need for a comprehensive and long-term local content strategy that balances the resources and goals of t

159、he country against the realities of the specific value chain of the targeted industries.While it is tempting to have a broad local content strategy that aims to extract as much localization as possible from any given foreign investment,another way is to align localization targets with the goals of t

160、he national growth strategy.Vision 2030 outlines a desire for Saudi Arabia to become a knowledge economy,and there are jobs available in the solar PV and onshore wind value chains that contribute to this goal.For example,skilled professionals are required in the project planning phase.There are not

161、as many of these jobs created in each investment as jobs in construction and manufacturing;however,strict Saudization of these aspects of the value chain would create guaranteed and appropriately skills-matched employment for Saudi citizens while also building transferrable skills that can be applie

162、d in other industries and contributing to the goal of transitioning to a knowledge economy.Another reason to pursue a targeted and balanced approach to localization is that strict local content policies may deter foreign investors,especially in an industry such as renewable energy that is still in i

163、ts relative infancy.Investors expect localization directives;however,overly aggressive mandates may prove restrictive.Targeting prioritized sections of the value chain in the localization agenda creates an opportunity to maximize the potential foreign investment,thereby creating more employment in t

164、hese targeted areas.The goal in this case is not simply to extract as much localization as possible from each individual investment but to facilitate more investment through the removal of regulations,all the while benefiting from increased employment in occupations that contribute to the national d

165、evelopment strategy.26Employment Potential of Renewable Energy in Saudi ArabiaEndnotes1 While the US Green New Deal has thus far failed to pass Congress,elements of the bill have entered legislation through the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022.2 A good example is the local content policies contained

166、within Barack Obamas Affordable Care Act(2010).3 Expatriate residence is conditional on employment;therefore,it is not useful for comparison to expatriate unemployment.4 Saudization directives and the broader Nitaqat system mandate a minimum wage for Saudi employees.A Saudi earning less than this wa

167、ge cannot be counted toward the quota.5 This is the raw wage gap between average Saudi(10,430 SAR)and expatriate(4,264 SAR)wages per month in the Q2 2022 Saudi Labor Force Survey.In the same data release,Saudi workers were reported to work an average of 41 hours per week,compared to 48 for non-Saudi

168、s.6“Installation and grid connection,”like“Operations and maintenance”are grouped together in the IRENA analysis.7 IRENA assumes an annual 3.8%labor productivity increase throughout this period.8 This matching process is included and detailed in Appendix 1.9 A standard calculation was used:first,per

169、son-days was reformulated into person-hours.The total person-hours was then divided by 2,080an accounting-industry standard for the hours of full-time employment per year.This yields full-time equivalent(FTE).10 Recall that O&M employment requirements diminish by 3.8%yearly due to gains in labor pro

170、ductivity.11 This is a reflection of the category including many entry-level engineering suboccupations.Engineering is a popular education specialization for Saudi men.12 A similar simple matching process was used by Gascon(2020)and Mulligan(2020)to analyze the potential employment effects of lockdo

171、wns in the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic.27Employment Potential of Renewable Energy in Saudi ArabiaBhatt,Yagyavalk.2021.“Renewable Energy Deployment to Stimulate Energy Transition in the Gulf Cooperation Council.”Renewable Energy Transition in Asia,January 1.https:/doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15

172、-8905-8_8.Development Alternatives Incorporated(DAI).2022.“Federal and State Local Content Requirements for Offshore Wind Projects Including a Reference Case.”September.https:/ Workers Face the Highest Unemployment Risk?”On The Economy Blog,Federal Reserve Bank of St.Louis,March 24.https:/www.stloui

173、sfed.org/on-the-economy/2020/march/covid-19-workers-highest-unemployment-riskGeneral Authority for Statistics(GaStat).2019.“The Unified Saudi Occupational Classifiation.”November.https:/www.stats.gov.sa/sites/default/files/Report_ GaStat%20Unified%20Saudi%20Occupational%20Classification_English_V1.p

174、df.2022“Saudi Labor Market Statistics.”Dataset.https:/www.stats.gov.sa/en/814.Hertog,Steffen.2018.“Can We Saudize the Labor Market without Damaging the Private Sector.”LSE Research Online Documents on Economics,November 1.http:/eprints.lse.ac.uk/101471/.Hasan,Shahid,and Rami Shabaneh.2022.“The Econo

175、mics and Resource Potential of Hydrogen Production in Saudi Arabia.”KAPSARC Discussion Paper,March 1.https:/doi.org/10.30573/ks-2021-dp24.International Energy Agency(IEA).2022.“Special Report on Solar PV Global Supply Chains.”August 26.OECD Ebooks.https:/doi.org/10.1787/9e8b0121-en.International Lab

176、our Organization(ILO).2020.“Jump-Starting a Green Recovery with More and Better Jobs,Healthy and Resilient Societies,”July 16.https:/www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/-ed_emp/-emp_ent/documents/publication/wcms_751217.pdf.2017.“World Employment and Social Outlook 2018:Greening with Jobs.”May 14.http:

177、/www.ilo.org/global/publications/books/WCMS_628654/lang-en/index.htm.International Renewable Energy Agency(IRENA).2018.“Renewable Energy Benefits:Leveraging Local Capacity for Offshore Wind.”May.https:/www.irena.org/publications/2018/May/Leveraging-Local-Capacity-for-Offshore-Wind.2017a.“Renewable E

178、nergy Benefits:Leveraging Local Capacity for Solar PV.”June.https:/www.irena.org/publications/2017/Jun/Renewable-Energy-Benefits-Leveraging-Local-Capacity-for-Solar-PV.2017b.“Renewable Energy Benefits Leveraging Local Capacity for Onshore Wind.”June.https:/www.irena.org/publications/2017/Jun/Renewab

179、le-Energy-Benefits-Leveraging-Local-Capacity-for-Onshore-Wind.2022.“Renewable Energy and Jobs-Annual Review 2022.”September.https:/www.irena.org/publications/2022/Sep/Renewable-Energy-and-Jobs-Annual-Review-2022.References28Employment Potential of Renewable Energy in Saudi ArabiaMulligan,Cian.2020.“

180、Covid-19 and Employment in Saudi Arabia:An Initial Assessment.”KAPSARC Instant Insight,May.Mulligan,Cian.2023.“Consult Within:Analyzing the Recent Decision to Localize Consultancy Professions in Saudi Arabia.”KAPSARC Instant Insight,February.Georgieff,Alexandre,and Anna Milanez.2021.“What Happened t

181、o Jobs at High Risk of Automation?”OECD Social Employment and Migration Working Papers,January 25.https:/doi.org/10.1787/10bc97f4-en.Pazheri,F.R.,Mohd Azlishah Othman,and Nazar H.Malik.2014.“A Review on Global Renewable Electricity Scenario.”Renewable&Sustainable Energy Reviews 31(March 1):83545.htt

182、ps:/doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.12.020.Saudi Industrial Development Fund(SIDF).2022.“Market in Focus:Solar Photovoltaics(PV).”December.https:/sidf.gov.sa/en/MediaCenter/Industrial_reports/Solar%20Photovoltaics%20(PV).pdf.Saudi Ministry of Energy.2021.“Renewable Energy.”https:/www.moenergy.gov.sa/en/

183、Trends/Pages/Renewable-Energy.aspx.Saudi Vision 2030.2018.“National Industrial Development and Logistics Program.”https:/www.vision2030.gov.sa/media/qysdyqxl/nidlp_eng.pdf.2021a.“Saudi Green Initiative.”https:/www.vision2030.gov.sa/v2030/v2030-projects/saudi-green-initiative/#:text=Increase%20domest

184、ic%20generation%20capacity%20from,land%20over%20the%20coming%20decades.2021b.“Human Capability Development Program.”September.https:/www.vision2030.gov.sa/media/nfob33q5/hcdp_mv_en-1.pdf.2016.“Saudi Vision 2030.”https:/www.vision2030.gov.sa/.Von Hammerstein,Robin.2022.“The Business of Localization:I

185、nsights for Success in the Saudi Renewables Market.”Apricum-the Cleantech Advisory,July 27.https:/apricum- Potential of Renewable Energy in Saudi ArabiaAppendix 1:Matching jobs to the Saudi Standard Classification of Occupations.Solar occupations.PhaseOccupationFTEMatched Occupation GroupDecommissio

186、ningTechnical personnel and construction workers14.42Technicians and associate professionalsDecommissioningTruck drivers and crane operators2.85Plant and machine operators,and assemblersDecommissioningIndustrial/mechanical/electrical engineers0.88ProfessionalsDecommissioningEnvironmental experts0.71

187、ProfessionalsDecommissioningSafety experts0.65ProfessionalsDecommissioningLogistic experts0.33ProfessionalsInstallation&Grid ConnectionConstruction workers and technical personnel136.54ElementaryInstallation&Grid ConnectionCivil engineers and foremen8.85ProfessionalsInstallation&Grid ConnectionHealt

188、h and safety experts3.08ProfessionalsInstallation&Grid ConnectionElectrical and mechanical engineers1.46ProfessionalsInstallation&Grid ConnectionEnvironmental experts1.15ProfessionalsInstallation&Grid ConnectionQuality-control experts0.38ProfessionalsManufacturingFactory workers and technicians122.7

189、7Plant and machine operators,and assemblersManufacturingIndustrial engineers19.92ProfessionalsManufacturingAdministrative personnel9.42Clerical supportManufacturingMarketing and sales personnel8.88ProfessionalsManufacturingLogistic experts7.81ProfessionalsManufacturingHealth and safety experts7.13Pr

190、ofessionalsManufacturingquality control experts7.13ProfessionalsManufacturingRegulation and standardization experts7.13ProfessionalsManufacturingChemical engineers2.96ProfessionalsO&MConstruction24.93ElementaryO&MSafety Workers10.05Technicians and associate professionalsO&MIndustrial,Electrical and

191、telecommunication7.59ProfessionalsO&MOperators4.23Plant and machine operators,and assemblersO&MTechnical personnel4.01Technicians and associate professionalsO&MAdministrative and accountant personnel0.69Clerical supportO&MLawyers and regulation experts0.44ProfessionalsO&MManagement0.22ManagersProjec

192、t PlanningLegal,energy regulation,real estate and taxation experts3.17ProfessionalsProject PlanningFinancial analysts2.04ProfessionalsProject PlanningElectrical,civil,mechanical and energy engineers1.48ProfessionalsProject PlanningLogistic experts0.96ProfessionalsProject PlanningEnvironmental expert

193、s0.35ProfessionalsProject PlanningHealth and safety experts0.15ProfessionalsTransportTruck drivers9.22Plant and machine operators,and assemblersTransportLoading staff3.07ElementaryTransportAdministrative personnel0.4Clerical supportTransportShipping agents0.4Plant and machine operators,and assembler

194、sTransportQuality control agents0.13Clerical supportTransportLogistic experts0.13Professionals30Employment Potential of Renewable Energy in Saudi ArabiaAppendix 1:Matching jobs to the Saudi Standard Classification of Occupations.Onshore wind occupations.PhaseOccupationMain ProfessionDecommissioningC

195、onstruction workers and technical personnelElementaryDecommissioningTruck drivers and crane operatorsPlant and machine operators,and assemblersDecommissioningIndustrial/mechanical/electrical engineersProfessionalsDecommissioningEnvironmental expertsProfessionalsDecommissioningLogistic expertsProfess

196、ionalsDecommissioningSafety expertsProfessionalsInstallation&Grid ConnectionConstruction workers and technical personnelElementaryInstallation&Grid ConnectionProfessionals managing cranes,trucks,etc.ManagersInstallation&Grid ConnectionElectrical and mechanical engineersProfessionalsInstallation&Grid

197、 ConnectionEngineers and construction foremenProfessionalsInstallation&Grid ConnectionEnvironmental expertsProfessionalsInstallation&Grid ConnectionHealth and safety expertsProfessionalsInstallation&Grid ConnectionLogistics expertsProfessionalsInstallation&Grid ConnectionQuality control expertsProfe

198、ssionalsManufacturingAdministrative personnelClerical supportManufacturingManagementManagersManufacturingFactory workersPlant and machine operators,and assemblersManufacturingIndustrial engineersProfessionalsManufacturingTelecommunication and computer engineersProfessionalsManufacturingHealth and sa

199、fety expertsProfessionalsManufacturingLogistic expertsProfessionalsManufacturingMarketing and sales personnelProfessionalsManufacturingQuality control expertsProfessionalsManufacturingRegulation and standardization expertsProfessionalsO&MAdministrative and accountant personnelClerical supportO&MCons

200、truction workersElementaryO&MManagementManagersO&MOperatorsPlant and machine operators,and assemblersO&MIndustrial engineersProfessionalsO&MTelecommunication engineersProfessionalsO&MEnvironmental expertsProfessionalsO&MLawyers,experts in energy regulationProfessionalsO&MSafety expertsProfessionalsO

201、&MTechnical personnelTechnicians and associate professionalsProject PlanningElectrical/civil/mechanical/energy engineersProfessionals.Project PlanningEnvironmental expertsProfessionalsProject PlanningFinancial analystsProfessionalsProject PlanningGeotechnical expertsProfessionalsProject PlanningHeal

202、th and safety expertsProfessionalsProject PlanningLegal,energy regulation,real estate and taxation expertsProfessionalsProject PlanningLogistic expertsProfessionalsTransportAdministrationClerical supportTransportTruck drivers and crane operatorsPlant and machine operators,and assemblersTransportLogi

203、stic expertsProfessionalsTransportRegulation expertsProfessionalsTransportTechnical personnel to supervise loading and unloadingTechnicians and associate professionals31Employment Potential of Renewable Energy in Saudi ArabiaNotes32Employment Potential of Renewable Energy in Saudi ArabiaNotes33Emplo

204、yment Potential of Renewable Energy in Saudi ArabiaNotes34Employment Potential of Renewable Energy in Saudi ArabiaAbout the AuthorCian MulliganCian Mulligan is a research lead at KAPSARC working on employment aspects of the energy transition and local content optimization for both traditional and em

205、erging energy industries.35Employment Potential of Renewable Energy in Saudi ArabiaAbout the ProjectAlthough the energy sector has long been known to be capital intensive,particularly in more traditionalindustries such as oil,gas and coal,the transition to new energy technologies provides an opportu

206、nity toreconsider the relationship between energy and employment.While the economic literature heralds thepotential of energy renewables to create employment,many systemic constraints hamper the Saudi laborforce from taking advantage of these“green job”opportunities.This project,Energy Transition and Employment,investigates these issues and contributes to the policy discussion on the employment aspects of the energy transition.www.kapsarc.org