1、International Exchange Centers Index 2024德勤中國國際交往中心研究院Institute of International Exchange CentersDeloitte China1.New Changes in International Exchange Activities in the Post-Pandemic Era 11.1 Multiple Challenges to International Exchange Posed by the COVID-19 Pandemic and Geopolitical Conflicts 21.2

2、 New Features of the International Economic Situation and Globalization Landscape 21.3 New Opportunities for International Exchange Activities Brought by the Wave of Digital Technology 22.Evaluation Framework 32.1 Evaluation Framework and Key Dimensions 42.2 Optimization of the Evaluation Indicator

3、System 52.3 Adjustments to Evaluation Targets 83.Overall Characteristics of International Exchange Centers in 2024 103.1 Comprehensive Rankings 113.2 General Characteristics and New Features of International Exchange Centers 124.Attractiveness 165.Influence 236.Connectivity 317.New Trends in the Dev

4、elopment of International Exchange Centers 378.Conclusion and Outlook 39Appendix 1 Overall Rankings and Rankings of First-level Indicators 41Appendix 2 Rankings of Second-level Indicators of Attractiveness 42Appendix 3 Rankings of Second-level Indicators of Influence 43Appendix 4 Rankings of Second-

5、level Indicators of Connectivity 44ContentsIn the contemporary era,the global political and economic landscape is undergoing new changes,and the development of international exchange centers is showing new characteristics.The International Exchange Centers Index 2024 report is produced by the China

6、Institute for Development Planning,Tsinghua University(THU-CIDP)in collaboration with Deloitte China,based on theoretical research and data analysis conducted by the joint research team.Against the backdrop of global post-pandemic recovery,the Index takes into account features of the time such as ge

7、opolitical conflicts and technological revolutions to depict the new characteristics of international exchange activities in the post-pandemic era.It accurately grasps the new trends in the evolution of international exchange centers,offering guidance for promoting the international development and

8、enhancing the international exchange functions of major cities worldwide.The Index follows the theoretical system,indicator framework,and technical methods of the first edition of the International Exchange Centers Index released in 2023.Adjustments and optimization were made to the evaluation metho

9、ds of some indicators,and six new citiesBrussels,Stockholm,Istanbul,Rio de Janeiro,Cairo,and Johannesburgwere added as evaluation objects,with the goal of more comprehensively and accurately depicting the development characteristics of typical international exchange centers.According to the evaluati

10、on,London,Paris,New York,Hong Kong,Singapore,Seoul,Beijing,Tokyo,Madrid,and San Francisco rank among the top ten cities in the comprehensive ranking,which remains generally stable compared to the previous report,with slight changes in some cities.London still ranks first.Paris has surpassed New York

11、 to rise to second place.Hong Kong has surpassed Singapore and Seoul to rise to fourth place,although the scores of these three cities are close.Beijing and Tokyo remain in seventh and eighth places,respectively,unchanged from the previous report.Madrids ranking has improved by three places to ninth

12、,making its first appearance in the top ten.The report reveals some new characteristics of international exchange centers in the post-pandemic era.Firstly,cities that have recovered from the pandemic more quickly have experienced a relatively faster rise in the rankings,especially those that have ma

13、de significant progress in restoring international direct flights and increasing the number of inbound tourists,such as Dubai,Madrid,and Hong Kong.Secondly,digital connectivity is crucial for offsetting the impacts of the pandemic and enhancing international influence.For instance,the rapid increase

14、 in Internet speed in Shanghai and Beijing has significantly improved the cities digital connectivity with the international community.Thirdly,geopolitical conflicts and regional disputes have weakened the international exchange capacity of some cities like Moscow,while enhancing the role of other c

15、ities like Beijing,Cairo,and Paris in facilitating international diplomatic mediation.As a result,international exchange centers are increasingly becoming strategic hubs at the forefront of geopolitics and other discourse on global public affairs.The report also analyzes and discerns new trends in t

16、he development of international exchange centers from three dimensions:attractiveness,influence,and connectivity.It delves into key topics such as the significance of urban security and business environment to cities,the value of international organizations and innovation capabilities to cities,and

17、the impact of digital technology on urban transformation.Looking ahead,international exchange centers are undergoing the test of the vicissitudes of the times.We hope that international exchange centers can continue to serve as bonds and platforms connecting countries around the world,contributing t

18、o bridging differences and achieving common peace and prosperity for all!AbstractList of Members of the Expert Committee and the Research GroupMembers of the Expert CommitteeResearch Group LeaderResearch Group MembersReport AuthorDeputy Research Group LeaderYang WeiminMember of the Standing Committe

19、e of the 13th Chinese Peoples Political Consultative Conference(CPPCC)National Committee,Vice-chairman of the Committee on Economic Affairs of the CPPCC National Committee,Former Deputy Director of the Office of the Central Leading Group for Finance and EconomicsJiang XiaojuanProfessor at the Univer

20、sity of Chinese Academy of Social SciencesFormer Deputy Secretary-General of the State CouncilXue LanDistinguished Professor of Arts,Humanities and Social Sciences,Tsinghua University and Dean of Schwarzman College,Tsinghua UniversityLi ShantongFormer Head and Senior Research Fellow of the Departmen

21、t of Development Strategy and Regional Economy of the Development Research Center of the State CouncilYang Yongheng Deputy Dean of China Institute for Development Planning,Tsinghua University,and Professor of School of Public Policy&Management,Tsinghua UniversityGong PuDirector of Academic Research

22、Department,China Institute for Development Planning,Tsinghua University,and Assistant Professor of School of Public Policy&Management,Tsinghua UniversityLi ZhiAssistant Dean of China Institute for Development Planning,Tsinghua UniversityIan Zhao LeiDirector,Deloitte Institute of International Exchan

23、ge CentersYang Yongheng Deputy Dean of China Institute for Development Planning,Tsinghua University,and Professor of School of Public Policy&Management,Tsinghua UniversityLi ZhiChina Institute for Development Planning,Tsinghua UniversityPence Peng CongPartner,Deloitte Institute of International Exch

24、ange CentersGong PuChina Institute for Development Planning,Tsinghua UniversityTracy Ma FeijunPartner,Deloitte Institute of International Exchange CentersBi ShiyaoSchool of Public Policy&Management,Tsinghua UniversityLydia Chen Lan Partner,Deloitte Institute of International Exchange CentersSun Xiao

25、School of Public Policy&Management,Tsinghua UniversityWang xinPartner,Deloitte Institute of International Exchange CentersYu HanyingSchool of Public Policy&Management,Tsinghua UniversityJohnny Zhang XiangfanPartner,Deloitte Institute of International Exchange CentersZhu SiyaoSchool of Public Policy&

26、Management,Tsinghua UniversityLily Ji FangPartner,Deloitte Institute of International Exchange CentersJin ShiyaoChina Institute for Development Planning,Tsinghua UniversityChao SongDirector,Deloitte Institute of International Exchange CentersWang LingyiChina Institute for Development Planning,Tsingh

27、ua UniversityIan Zhao LeiDirector,Deloitte Institute of International Exchange CentersLi TianruiChina Institute for Development Planning,Tsinghua UniversityEsther Zeng YuemingManager,Deloitte Institute of International Exchange CentersDong YuExecutive Associate Dean of China Institute for Developmen

28、t Planning,Tsinghua University,and Research fellow of Institute for National Governance and Global Governance,Tsinghua UniversityNorman SzeDeloitte China Vice Chair1.New Changes in International Exchange Activities in the Post-Pandemic EraTodays world is characterized by revival and reconstruction,w

29、here competition and cooperation coexist,with the continuous emergence of technology and clash of civilizations prompting deep reflection among humanity.International exchange centers are playing increasingly significant roles in addressing common challenges facing humanity,promoting global developm

30、ent,and facilitating cultural exchanges and mutual learning.However,they are also facing more complex and volatile global political and economic landscapes and new challenges in globalization,necessitating rapid adaptation and adjustments.11.New Changes in International Exchange Activities in the Po

31、st-Pandemic Era1.1 Multiple Challenges to International Exchange Posed by the COVID-19 Pandemic and Geopolitical ConflictsIn 2023,the world economy overcame the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic,achieving a slow recovery.In the post-pandemic era,the global landscape is undergoing profound changes,with

32、 geopolitical security issues becoming more prominent.The UN-centered multilateral governance system has been severely weakened,and international relations have been influenced by ideological distractions,leading to the emergence of blocs and camps.The intensification of geopolitical conflicts has u

33、nderscored the importance of diplomatic mediation and multilateral coordination.More than ever,countries aspire to solutions to global security challenges and shared human development,which further highlights the significance and role of international exchange centers.1.2 New Features of the Interna

34、tional Economic Situation and Globalization LandscapeThe pandemic has significantly impacted cross-border personnel mobility and international transportation,leading to a slow recovery of global consumption.Foreign-related industries like international tourism,hotels catering to international guests

35、,international business services and exhibitions have been greatly affected.International trade has been increasingly influenced by non-economic factors,with closer economic ties between the United States and Europe and the reshoring of transnational supply chains to developed countries and their ne

36、ighboring regions.The global resource allocation model,formed through the decades-long globalization process,still holds significant advantages.In the post-pandemic era,the transnational flow of capital,technology,and talent is gradually recovering,and attempts to erect barriers cannot alter the his

37、torical trend of global economic development.1.3 New Opportunities for International Exchange Activities Brought by the Wave of Digital TechnologyTechnological advancements and digital development have profound impacts on the content and forms of international exchanges.Online international communic

38、ations that became prevalent during the pandemic continue to sustain,with the frequency of such interactions increasing due to the widespread use of online meetings,instant messaging,and social media.The breakthrough in generative artificial intelligence has had complex and far-reaching impacts on s

39、ocial interactions,exacerbating the digital divide and intelligent divide faced by developing countries.Some countries are drawing lines on ideological grounds,using technological monopolies and unilateral restrictive measures to create development barriers,and manipulating public opinion with AI st

40、rengths,further complicating the predicament of developing countries.It is a shared expectation of the global community,especially the Global South countries,that digital technology and AI can better empower global common development.Exchange of ideas on humanities and cultures remains a core drivin

41、g force for global progress,and the trend of cultural exchange will not change.The prospect of digital technology empowering international exchanges and facilitating exchange among civilizations is promising.Placing its research in the background of the world economys slow recovery from the COVID-19

42、 pandemic,the Ukraine crisis,and other impacts,the International Exchange Centers Index 2024 aims to study the new characteristics of international exchange activities in the post-pandemic era,comprehensively and accurately grasp the new trends in the evolution of cities serving as international exc

43、hange centers,thereby offering reference on promoting international development and enhancing international exchange functions of major cities worldwide.2International Exchange Centers Index 20242.Evaluation Framework32.Theoretical Model and Evaluation Framework2.1 Evaluation Framework and Key Dimen

44、sionsInternational exchange centers are global or regional central cities capable of connecting and serving the world,attracting international high-end elements,and playing significant roles in global affairs.They are key nodes and hub platforms in the dynamic network of international exchanges.The

45、essence of international exchange centers lies in three aspects:their ability and potential to promote global political,economic,technological,and cultural exchanges;their influence and contributions to global development,international affairs,and human civilization;and their capabilities to aggrega

46、te and allocate global resources,as well as institutions,platforms,and rules supporting such capabilities.International exchange centers need to have at least three basic functions:(1)To attract and gather international high-end development elements.(2)To exert significant influence in global affair

47、s such as diplomacy,global governance,economic development,sci-tech innovation,as well as culture and education.(3)To connect and serve the world.Based on the above understanding,the Index retains the three first-level indicatorsAttractiveness,Influence,and Connectivityto evaluate the development st

48、atus and potential of international exchange centers from the perspectives of concentration of factors,reach of influence,and connectivity.The evaluation framework is shown in Figure 1.Figure 1 Evaluation FrameworkSpillover effectInfluenceInternational affairsSci-tech innovationEconomic developmentC

49、ulture and educationInflowLivabilityBusiness-friendlinessCareer-friendlinessTourism-friendlinessAttractivenessInternationalexchange centerIntercity networkConnectivityTransport connectionDigital networkBusiness communicationCity ACity BCity CCity D4International Exchange Centers Index 2024Attractive

50、ness refers to the conditions that attract global human capital,physical capital and other high-end factor resources to the city.International exchange center cities often possess certain allure or“magnetism”that makes them more attractive to global high-end talent,international enterprises and over

51、seas tourists.In terms of attractiveness,an international exchange center city should at least be a desirable place to live(livability),to get a job or start a business(career-friendliness),to invest and engage in business activities(business-friendliness),and to travel and shop(tourism-friendliness

52、).Influence refers to the potential to play a key role in allocating resources and leading development in regional or global political,economic,scientific,technological and cultural fields.International exchange centers are often drivers of economic development,sources of sci-tech innovations,magnet

53、s for international organizations,and contributors to the progress of human civilizations.In terms of influence,an international exchange center city should at least be able to participate in international affairs(international affairs),lead sci-tech innovation(sci-tech innovation),drive global econ

54、omic development(economic development)and showcase the achievements of human civilizations(culture and education).Connectivity refers to the scope and intensity of interconnectivity between a city and the rest of the world.International exchange centers,which tend to possess strong capabilities in g

55、lobal connection and communication,serve as hubs for linking their respective countries with the rest of the world.The connectivity of a city is mainly about its linkage with the world,which is underpinned by logistics infrastructure(transport connection),digital infrastructure(digital network),as w

56、ell as information and personnel exchange platforms(business communication),among others.These factors are also essential for a city to engage in international exchanges,enhance its attractiveness,and show influence.2.2 Optimization of the Evaluation Indicator SystemThe Index follows the principles

57、of“science-based design,simple composition,data comparability and practical guidance”and builds upon the evaluation system of the previous report.Adjustments have been made to some third-level indicators under second-level dimensions to optimize indicator measurement and enhance the reliability and

58、validity of the indicator system.The main adjusted indicators include seven third-level indicators under five second-level dimensions:livability,tourism-friendliness,sci-tech innovation,culture and education,and transport connection.The specific adjustments are as follows:(1)Adjustment to the Livabi

59、lity IndicatorThe third-level indicator of murder rate has been updated to crime rate index.While the murder rate is an important indicator and is representative of a citys security level,it is not complete and adequate.The 2024 Index incorporates the number of prisoners per 100,000 inhabitants as a

60、n indicator The key dimensions is shown in Figure 2.Figure 2Key DimensionsAttractivenessLivabilityBusiness-friendlinessCareer-friendlinessTourism-friendlinessInfluenceConnectivity International affairsSci-tech innovationEconomic developmentCulture and educationTransport connectionDigital networkBusi

61、ness communication52.Theoretical Model and Evaluation Frameworkand combines it with the murder rate indicator with equal weighting to form the crime rate index.The number of prisoners per 100,000 inhabitants reflects the proportion of offenders in a country who meet the standard for imprisonment,cov

62、ering a wider spectrum of criminal behaviors.The new composite index better reflects the overall security of a city and its country.(2)Adjustment to the Tourism-Friendliness IndicatorThe indicator for per capita consumption of inbound tourists has been removed due to its susceptibility to the varyin

63、g price levels of different cities and the lack of a unified calculation method and data source.The Index now only retains the number of inbound tourists to measure a citys tourism-friendliness.(3)Adjustment to the Sci-Tech Innovation IndicatorThe indicator for the number of highly cited scientific

64、papers has been updated to the high-level scientific paper index.This index comprises the number of highly cited papers published in Science Citation Index(SCI)journals,the proportion of highly cited papers,and the number of hot papers,all of which are weighted and combined in a standardized manner.

65、The composite index provides a more comprehensive evaluation of a citys capabilities in basic research and original innovation from the perspectives of long-term accumulation and frontier innovation.(4)Adjustment to the Culture and Education IndicatorThe Index assigns different weights to the number

66、 of top global universities according to their ranking segments.The number of top universities in each city is weighted to form a global top university index,incorporating both the quantity and quality of universities.Additionally,the Index introduces the high-level humanities and social sciences pa

67、per index,which is composed of the number of highly cited papers,the proportion of highly cited papers,and the number of hot papers in the Social Science Citation Index(SSCI)and Arts and Humanities Citation Index(AHCI),weighted and combined in a standardized manner.(5)Adjustment to the Transport Con

68、nection IndicatorThe Index improves the calculation method of the density of international flight connections,defining it as the actual number of flights departing from the citys airports and reaching overseas cities through direct or stopover flights,divided by the number of cities with internation

69、al direct flights with the city.The actual number of international flights can better reflect the real picture of flight connections between international cities.Through these adjustments and optimization,the evaluation system for the International Exchange Centers Index is shown in Table 1.Detailed

70、 calculation methods and indicator explanations are provided in the technical appendix.For the actual calculation,most indicators use data from the end of 2023 to reflect the latest situation after the pandemic.However,for some indicators,data from the latest year available is used due to data avail

71、ability constraints.In addition,as the statistical systems in different countries vary,some indicators are based on the data released by the administrative cities,while others on that of the metropolitan areas.6International Exchange Centers Index 2024EducationHealthcarePM2.5 air quality Crime rate

72、index*Ease of doing business(World Bank)Global startup ecosystemsNumber of inbound touristsNumber of foreign embassies and consulatesNumber of headquarters of international inter-governmental organizationsNumber of headquarters of international non-governmental organizationsHigh-level scientific pap

73、er indexTotal number of international patent applications filed under Patent Cooperation Treaty(PCT)Per capita GDP(constant 2017 PPP)Number of Fortune Global 500 headquartersGlobal Financial Centers Index(GFCI)City classification released by GaWC*Number of world heritage sitesNumber of global top un

74、iversitiesHigh-level humanities and social sciences paper indexDensity of international flight connectionsNumber of cities with direct international flightsSpeed of fixed broadbandSpeed of mobile broadbandNumber of exhibitions recognized by UFINumber of conventions recognized by ICCA1/481/481/481/48

75、1/121/121/121/361/361/361/241/241/481/481/481/481/361/361/361/181/181/181/181/181/18Attractiveness（1/3）Livability（1/12）Business-friendliness（1/12）Career-friendliness（1/12）Tourism-friendliness（1/12）Internationalaffairs（1/12）Sci-techinnovation（1/12）Economicdevelopment（1/12）Culture andeducation（1/12）Tr

76、ansport connection（1/9）Digital network（1/9）Businesscommunication（1/9）Connectivity（1/3）Influence（1/3）Note:means reverse indicators,which are subject to NMMS upon calculation.Table 1The Evaluation System for International Exchange Centers 2024International Congress&Convention Association(ICCA)NumberTh

77、e Global Association of the Exhibition Industry(UFI)NumberMbpsCalculated based on Speedtests dataNumberCalculated based on the data of MbpsCalculated based onSpeedtests data10,000 personsNumberNumberNumberIndex scoreClarivateEuromonitor and open government dataNumberCalculated based on the Global In

78、novation Index released by the World Intellectual Property Organization(WIPO)International$OECD database;World Bank,statistics of various countriesCollated based on information from public sourcesUnion of International Associations(UIA)Union of International Associations(UIA)Globalization and World

79、Cities Research Network(GaWC)RankingNumberClarivateUniversities ranking released by Times and Shanghai RankingCalculated based on the data of Index scoreScore of education in The Global Livability Index of the Economist Intelligence Unit(EIU)Index scoreScore of healthcare in The Global Livability In

80、dex of Economist Intelligence Unit(EIU)Grade Index scoreWorld BankIndex scoreIndex scoreStartup BlinkUnited Nations Office on Drugs and Crime(UNODC);City-DataFortune MagazineNumberZ/Yen GroupIndex scoreUnited Nations Educational,Scientific and Cultural Organization(UNESCO)NumberIndex scoreScore72.Th

81、eoretical Model and Evaluation Framework2.3 Adjustments to Evaluation TargetsAfter referring to the well-established international city evaluation reportsI,the Index ultimately selected 43 cities based on the three dimensions,namely,attractiveness,influence,and connectivity.The selection process als

82、o took into account the I Please refer to International Exchange Centers Index 2022,page 12.political,economic,technological,and cultural development levels of each city,as well as data availability and international comparability.Some of these cities are already recognized international exchange ce

83、nters,while others have the potential to become one.NairobiJohannesburg*Rio de Janeiro*Cairo*Mexico CityMoscowGuangzhouSan DiegoMontrealShenzhenMelbourneSeattleSydneyRomeZurichFrankfurtChicagoGenevaMunichIstanbul*Washington,D.C.TorontoBrussels*BerlinViennaStockholm*BostonDubaiBarcelonaAmsterdamCopen

84、hagenLos AngelesShanghaiSan FranciscoMadridTokyoBeijingSingaporeSeoulHong KongNew YorkParisLondonNote:(*)indicates newly evaluated cities.Figure 3Distribution of Cities Evaluated8International Exchange Centers Index 2024SNCityCountry1AmsterdamNetherlands2BarcelonaSpain3BeijingChina4BerlinGermany5Bos

85、tonUSA6Brussels*Belgium7Cairo*Egypt8ChicagoUSA9CopenhagenDenmark10DubaiUAE11FrankfurtGermany12GenevaSwitzerland13GuangzhouChina14Hong KongChina15Istanbul*Turkey16Johannesburg*South Africa17LondonUK18Los AngelesUSA19MadridSpain20MelbourneAustralia21Mexico CityMexico22MontrealCanada23MoscowRussia24Mun

86、ichGermany25NairobiKenya26New YorkUSA27ParisFrance28Rio de Janeiro*Brazil29RomeItaly30San DiegoUSA31San FranciscoUSA32SeattleUSA33SeoulSouth Korea34ShanghaiChina35ShenzhenChina36SingaporeSingapore37Stockholm*Sweden38SydneyAustralia39TokyoJapan40TorontoCanada41ViennaAustria42Washington,D.C.USA43Zuric

87、hSwitzerlandNote:Sorted by alphabetical order.Cities marked with an asterisk(*)are newly evaluated cities.It is important to note that although there are many cities worldwide that share certain features of international exchange centers,the Index only includes the 43 cities due to limitations in re

88、search resources and data availability.When conditions permit,more cities will be gradually incorporated in future evaluations.Table 2List of Cities Evaluated92.Theoretical Model and Evaluation Framework3.Overall Characteristics of International Exchange Centers in 202410International Exchange Cente

89、rs Index 2024With the above-mentioned evaluation system,the Index calculated the comprehensive scores and rankings of the 43 international exchange center cities as shown in Figure 4(for calculation methods,please see Appendix).3.1 Comprehensive RankingsFrom the evaluation of the Index,the top ten c

90、ities in the comprehensive rankings are London,Paris,New York,Hong Kong,Singapore,Seoul,Beijing,Tokyo,Madrid,and San Francisco.LondonParisNew YorkHong KongSingaporeSeoulBeijingTokyoMadridSan FranciscoShanghaiCopenhagenAmsterdamBarcelonaDubaiLos AngelesBostonViennaStockholmBerlinTorontoBrussels*Rised

91、 Unchanged Dropped Newly evaluated cities*Newly evaluated citiesNairobiJohannesburgRio de JaneiroCairoMexico CityMoscowGuangzhouSan DiegoMontrealSeattleMelbourneShenzhenZurichRomeChicagoGenevaSydneyFrankfurtWashington,D.C.MunichIstanbul.*Figure 4Comprehensive Scores and Rankings of All Cities Evalua

92、ted113.Overall Characteristics of International Exchange Centers in 20243.2 General Characteristics and New Features of International Exchange CentersCapital cities have inherent advantages in performing the functions of international exchange centers,but non-capital cities are increasingly demonstr

93、ating their unique roles in international exchanges.Among the top 20 cities in the comprehensive rankings,12 are national capitals.These cities host the most important political,diplomatic,and policy resources of their countries and serve as the primary windows for diplomacy.The non-capital cities i

94、n the top 20 often act as significant platforms for international exchanges in areas such as economy,culture,science and technology,and education.*.LondonParisSingaporeSeoulBeijingTokyoMadridCopenhagenAmsterdamViennaStockholmBerlinBrusselsWashington,D.C.RomeMoscowMexico CityCairoNairobiNew YorkHong

95、KongSan FranciscoShanghaiBarcelonaDubaiLos AngelesBostonTorontoIstanbulMunichFrankfurtSydneyGenevaZurichChicagoShenzhenMelbourneSeattleMontrealSan DiegoGuangzhouRio de JaneiroJohannesburg*.Rised Unchanged Dropped Newly evaluated cities*Newly evaluated citiesComprehensive Scores and Rankings of Capit

96、al CitiesComprehensive Scores and Rankings of Non-Capital CitiesFigure 5Comprehensive Scores and Rankings of Capital and Non-Capital Cities12International Exchange Centers Index 2024In terms of geographical distribution,the most active international exchange centers are mainly concentrated in Europe

97、,Asia,and North America,with Asian cities gradually gaining prominence.Among the top 20 cities,nine are in Europe.Historically,Europe was the political and economic center of the world,and major European cities still exhibit strong vitality for international exchanges today due to their rich histori

98、cal heritage.Seven Asian cities are included in the top 20,reflecting the increasingly important role of Asian cities in international exchanges in the post-pandemic era.Four cities in North America rank in the top 20,demonstrating the comprehensive influence of the United States in international ex

99、changes across political,economic,scientific and technological,cultural,and educational fields.*.LondonParisNew YorkHong KongSingaporeSeoulBeijingTokyoMadridSan FranciscoShanghaiCopenhagenAmsterdamBarcelonaDubaiLos AngelesBostonViennaStockholmBerlin.EuropeAsiaAmericaRised Unchanged Dropped Newly eva

100、luated cities*Newly evaluated citiesNote:Oceania and Africa have few international exchange centers and are therefore not represented in the comparison.Figure 6Comprehensive Scores and Rankings of the Cities of Different Continents(Top 20)In terms of population,international exchange centers tend to

101、 have abundant human resources and diverse high-end resources.Among the top ten cities,London,Paris,New York,Seoul,Beijing,and Tokyo have populations of over ten million,while Hong Kong,Singapore,Madrid,and San Francisco have populations exceeding five million.These cities have high population densi

102、ty,strong economic vitality,and rich cultural resources.They are also home to international organizations,multinational corporations,and high-end talent,giving them outstanding advantages in resource aggregation and international influence.Hong KongSingaporeMadridSan FranciscoBarcelonaBerlinTorontoW

103、ashington,D.C.SydneyChicagoMelbourneJohannesburg*.Population between m and m.Rised Unchanged Dropped Newly evaluated cities*Newly evaluated citiesFigure 7Comprehensive Scores and Rankings of Cities with Different Population Sizes133.Overall Characteristics of International Exchange Centers in 2024At

104、tractivenessConnectivityInfluenceLondonNew YorkBeijingTokyoLondonParisNew YorkSeoulBeijingTokyoShanghaiLos AngelesIstanbulShenzhenGuangzhouMoscowMexico CityCairoRio de Janeiro*.Population over 10mRised Unchanged Dropped Newly evaluated cities*Newly evaluated cities*.CopenhagenAmsterdamDubaiBostonVie

105、nnaStockholmBrusselsMunichFrankfurtGenevaZurichRomeSeattleMontrealSan DiegoNairobi.Population less than 5mNote:The population data of cities in OECD member countries are calculated by metropolitan area,and the data source is:https:/stats.oecd.org/.The population data of the other cities are calculat

106、ed by city.Among them,the population data of cities in the Chinese mainland come from the statistical yearbooks of each city,and the population data of Hong Kong,Dubai,Singapore,Moscow,Nairobi,Istanbul,Cairo,Rio de Janeiro,and Johannesburg come from the official websites of the statistical bureaus o

107、f each city or country.Figure 7Comprehensive Scores and Rankings of Cities with Different Population Sizes(Cont.)Figure 8Characteristics Comparison of Four Cities14International Exchange Centers Index 2024The result of the evaluation reveals some new features of international exchange centers.Firstl

108、y,cities that have rapidly risen in the rankings are often those that have quickly recovered in the post-pandemic era.Secondly,digital connection is crucial for offsetting the impacts of the pandemic and enhancing international influence.Thirdly,geopolitical conflicts and regional disputes have weak

109、ened the international exchange capacity of some cities,while highlighting the roles of some others in facilitating international diplomatic mediation.Scores of InfluenceLondonParisNew YorkHong KongSingaporeSeoulBeijingMadridTokyoSan FranciscoScores of AttractivenessLondonParisNew YorkHong KongSinga

110、poreSeoulBeijingMadridTokyoSan FranciscoScores of ConnectivityScores of AttractivenessScores of ConnectivityScores of InfluenceLondonParisNew YorkHong KongSingaporeSeoulBeijingMadridTokyoSan FranciscoFigure 9Evaluation of Development Balance in Terms of Attractiveness,Influence,and Connectivity153.O

111、verall Characteristics of International Exchange Centers in 20244.AttractivenessAttractiveness represents the unique charm or“magnetism”of international exchange centers and fully reflects the quality and taste of a city.London,New York,Hong Kong,San Francisco,and Singapore are the top five cities i

112、n terms of attractiveness,while some cities have seen significant fluctuations in their rankings.16International Exchange Centers Index 2024Cities that recovered rapidly after the pandemic have seen significant improvements in livability.The overall trend of livability for the evaluated cities follo

113、ws a descending order of Oceania,Europe,North America,Asia,and Africa.Benefiting from superior natural environments,lower population densities,excellent air quality,and rapid restoration of urban functions in the post-pandemic era,Sydney and Melbourne share the top spot for livability.In the“Global

114、Livability Index 2023,”Melbourne and Sydney ranked third and fourth,with full marks for education services and medical services.Hong Kongs medical services also improved significantly after the pandemic,with its score rising to 87.5.Chinese mainland cities like Beijing,Shanghai,Guangzhou,and Shenzhe

115、n generally lag behind in livability,but the overall quality of education services in these cities has improved.Column 1Sydney:Implementing Green and Sustainable Development Strategies to Continuously Optimize the Urban EnvironmentSydney adheres to the principle of“sustainable development”in urban p

116、lanning,continuously optimizing the urban environment through city greening,environmental research,green energy,and green transportation.1.Enhancing urban greening.2.Conducting specialized environmental research.3.Optimizing the citys energy system.4.Actively developing green transportation.Cities i

117、n East Asian and Europe have a higher level of social security compared to American cities.Generally,social security levels in East Asian and European cities are relatively higher,while major U.S.cities rank lower due to soaring crime rates.The murder rates(per 100,000 inhabitants)in Singapore,Japan

118、,Hong Kong,the Chinese mainland,and South Korea are 0.12,0.23,0.4,0.5,and 0.53,respectively.Apart from New York,the murder rates in other evaluated U.S.cities have shown an upward trend.The livability scores of American cities have systematically declined,mainly due to the inclusion of a new indicat

119、or measuring the number of prisoners(per 100,000 inhabitants),on which American cities perform poorly.174.AttractivenessThe tourism markets are recovering gradually across the globe,but not at the same pace.Given that tourism was hit the most directly by the pandemic,its recovery is crucial for boos

120、ting global economic confidence.According to the World Tourism Organization,the number of global inbound tourists in 2023 maintained steady growth,recovering to 87.9%of the 2019 levels.However,the speed of recovery varies across cities,with European,American,and Middle Eastern cities recovering fast

121、er,while those in Asia recovering generally slower than expected,as shown in Figure 10.Column 2Beijing:Actively Promoting High-Tech Industry Innovation and EntrepreneurshipBeijing continuously cultivates and develops future oriented industries,and accelerates the pace of innovation and entrepreneurs

122、hip in high-tech industries.1.Providing policy support for high-tech enterprises.2.Accelerating the deployment of digital infrastructure.3.Driving innovation and entrepreneurship through the digital development of the city.Excellent business environment is a key feature of international exchange cen

123、ters.The business-friendly indicator is measured by the World Banks Doing Business scores.Among the 43 cities evaluated,the top five are Singapore,Copenhagen,Hong Kong,New York,and San Diego.As a city-state,Singapores superior business environment is mainly attributed to its efficient and transparen

124、t administrative system and highly law-based social environment.Copenhagen benefits from Denmarks geographic advantage,which provides excellent conditions for cross-border trading.Denmark ranks first globally in the World Banks cross-border trade index,with low compliance costs for imports and expor

125、ts,fostering a good environment for the free flow of cross-border trade.Hong Kong maintains low tax rates with no sales,capital gains,or dividend taxes.It ranks first globally in terms of the ease of obtaining construction permits and third in terms of the ease of paying taxes.The procedures for com

126、pany registration and business registration in Hong Kong are extremely simple,and can be completed in as little as one hour.Cities in the U.S.and China enjoy a clear advantage in entrepreneurship ecosystem.Among the top ten cities for“career-friendliness”,five are located in the U.S.(San Francisco,N

127、ew York,Los Angeles,Boston,and Seattle)and two are located in China(Beijing and Shanghai).San Francisco,leveraging the innovation and entrepreneurship ecosystem of Silicon Valley,is a leading global hub for business startups.Beijing and Shanghai rank sixth and seventh,respectively.18International Ex

128、change Centers Index 2024Mexico CityHong KongSeoulCopenhagenDubaiBarcelonaMadridAmsterdamLondonTokyoTorontoMontrealViennaWashington,D.C.BostonBerlinSydneyNew YorkParisMunichFrankfurtLos AngelesRomeMelbourneSan FranciscoGenevaChicagoZurichShenzhenSingaporeShanghaiGuangzhouMoscowBeijingProportion of r

129、ecovery(%)Number Of Inbound Tourists(thousand)Pre-PandemicPost-Pandemic Recovery Rate(%)Note:Cities newly added to this evaluation are not included;the pre-pandemic data for most cities is from 2019,with the exception of seven cities where the data is from 2016;the post-pandemic data for most cities

130、 is from 2023,with the exception of two cities where the data is from 2022,and of Moscow where the data is from 2021.Figure 10Recovery of Inbound TourismAccording to data from the Hong Kong SAR government,the city witnessed 212 million inbound and outbound trips in 2023,a 39-fold increase year-on-ye

131、ar,recovering to 70%of the 2019 levels.The number of inbound trips alone was approximately 34 million,the highest among all cities evaluated.Among these inbound tourist visits,about 78.7%,or 26.76 million,were from the Chinese mainland,reflecting the importance of Hong Kongs close ties with the main

132、land in its rapid recovery from the pandemic.Istanbul ranks second on the list for receiving 20.17 million inbound tourist visits in 2023,indicating that Turkeys tourism industry has successfully emerged from the pandemic and achieved continuous growth.Most Asian cities,however,have not yet fully re

133、covered from the pandemics impact on inbound tourism.The Index uses four second-level indicators and seven third-level indicators to measure the attractiveness of international exchange centers.The scores and rankings of the cities evaluated are as follows:194.AttractivenessLondonNew YorkHong KongSa

134、n FranciscoSingaporeParisLos AngelesSeoulTokyoBostonCopenhagenSydneyBerlinDubaiMelbourneStockholmAmsterdamViennaTorontoMunichSeattleBarcelonaSan DiegoIstanbulMadridWashington,D.C.ChicagoFrankfurtMontrealBrusselsZurichBeijingGenevaRomeShenzhenMoscowShanghaiGuangzhouMexico CityNairobiCairoRio de Janei

135、roJohannesburg*.Rised Unchanged Dropped Newly evaluated cities*Newly evaluated citiesSydneyMelbourneTokyoZurichGenevaMunichFrankfurtBrusselsViennaCopenhagenMadridLondonAmsterdamStockholmBerlinParisMontrealTorontoBarcelonaSingaporeRomeSan DiegoBostonSan FranciscoSeattleSeoulLos AngelesHong KongNew Yo

136、rkMoscowChicagoWashington,D.C.BeijingRio de JaneiroShanghaiShenzhenGuangzhouNairobiDubaiMexico CityJohannesburgIstanbulCairo*.Rised Unchanged Dropped Newly evaluated cities*Newly evaluated citiesFigure 11Scores and Rankings by AttractivenessFigure 12Scores and Rankings by Livability20International E

137、xchange Centers Index 2024SingaporeHong KongCopenhagenNew YorkSeoulChicagoWashington,D.C.BostonSan FranciscoSeattleSan DiegoLondonLos AngelesStockholmSydneyMelbourneDubaiFrankfurtMunichBerlinTorontoMontrealViennaBeijingMoscowMadridBarcelonaShenzhenGuangzhouTokyoShanghaiIstanbulParisGenevaZurichAmste

138、rdamBrusselsNairobiRomeMexico CityRio de JaneiroJohannesburgCairo*.Rised Unchanged Dropped Newly evaluated cities*Newly evaluated citiesNew YorkSan FranciscoLondonLos AngelesBostonBeijingShanghaiParisBerlinSeattleTokyoChicagoShenzhenWashington,D.C.StockholmSingaporeSan DiegoTorontoSeoulAmsterdamMosc

139、owMunichHong KongSydneyBarcelonaMelbourneMontrealGuangzhouMadridMexico CityIstanbulDubaiCopenhagenZurichBrusselsViennaGenevaCairoNairobiRio de JaneiroJohannesburgFrankfurtRome*.Rised Unchanged Dropped Newly evaluated cities*Newly evaluated citiesFigure 13Scores and Rankings byBusiness-friendlinessFi

140、gure 14Scores and Rankings byCareer-friendliness214.AttractivenessFigure 15Scores and Rankings byTourism-friendlinessIstanbulHong KongLondonDubaiParisNew YorkSingaporeTokyoSeoulAmsterdamRomeBarcelonaShenzhenViennaLos AngelesMadridMexico CityBerlinCairoTorontoGuangzhouSydneyShanghaiBrusselsMunichCope

141、nhagenJohannesburgMelbourneStockholmMontrealFrankfurtSan FranciscoWashington,D.C.MoscowBostonZurichChicagoRio de JaneiroBeijingNairobiGenevaSan DiegoSeattle*#.Rised Unchanged Dropped Newly evaluated cities*Newly evaluated cities22International Exchange Centers Index 20245.InfluenceInternational exch

142、ange centers usually have the capabilities to allocate global or regional resources regarding international affairs,economic development,sci-tech innovation,as well as culture and education.The top five cities in terms of influence are London,Beijing,Paris,New York,and Seoul.London stands out in its

143、 influence on culture,education and economic development;Beijing has a significant influence on sci-tech innovation,culture,and education;New York excels in economic influence;and Paris is prominent in international affairs,culture,and education.235.InfluenceColumn 3Brussels:Providing High-Quality I

144、nstitutional and Infrastructural Support Catered to the Demands of International OrganizationsBrussels ability to attract a significant number of international organizations stems from its historical,geographical,and cultural endowments,as well as the long-term efforts of the Brussels government.1.E

145、ndowments in history,geographical location,culture and other aspects.2.Tax incentives and meticulous services for international organizations.3.Advanced conference facilities for international exchanges.Capital cities are endowed with advantages in international affairs,and cities that host many UN

146、agencies,such as New York and Geneva,have also become important platforms for global governance.International exchange centers are not only primary venues for international communication,cooperation,and dialogue,but also important platforms for hosting major international events,coordinating signifi

147、cant international affairs,and facilitating global governance.Cities with numerous foreign embassies,consulates and headquarters of inter-governmental and non-governmental international organizations,like Paris,Washington,D.C.,London,Vienna,New York,and Geneva,play a sustained and crucial role in gl

148、obal agenda-setting,international rule-making,and resource allocation.Brussels tops the list in terms of international affairs.American cities remain comparatively advanced in sci-tech innovation,while Chinese cities are rapidly catching up.Three American cities(including San Francisco),six Eastern

149、Asian cities(including Beijing),and London are rated as the ten most competitive cities that spearhead global sci-tech innovation.San Francisco and Beijing continue to hold the top two positions in this years evaluation.In terms of sci-tech innovation and career-friendliness,the San Francisco Bay Ar

150、ea,with Silicon Valley at its core,is among the best thanks to its well-established industry-academia-research ecosystem and its status as a hub for sci-tech innovation,as shown in Figure 16.Beijing,home to a great number of universities and research institutions,gathers talent dedicated to basic an

151、d applied research,which enables the city to excel in the number of highly cited scientific papers,hot papers,and PCT patent applications.However,Beijings performance in career-friendliness lags behind its level of sci-tech innovation.For Beijing to develop into an international sci-tech innovation

152、center,the key is to further improve its innovation and entrepreneurship ecosystem.24International Exchange Centers Index 2024Scores of Sci-tech InnovationScores of Career-friendlinessLondonParisNew YorkHong KongSingaporeSeoulBeijingMadridTokyoSan FranciscoApart from San Francisco and Boston,eight o

153、ther American cities evaluated all rank among the top 20,reflecting the countrys leading edge in frontier technology.China is catching up with strong momentum,as evidenced by the presence of five Chinese cities among the top 20.As for the number of highly cited scientific papers over the past decade

154、,Beijing,Boston,London,Shanghai,San Francisco,Los Angeles,Paris,Guangzhou,Seattle,and Chicago make the top ten.For the number of hot scientific papers,Beijing takes lead with 410,followed by Boston with 303,with London,Shanghai,and San Francisco rounding out the top five.Tokyo ranks first in the num

155、ber of patent applications filed under the PCT,followed by Shenzhen and Seoul.Cities with global economic influence are usually home to leading international financial institutions and headquarters of supersized enterprises.Supported by systemically important financial institutions including central

156、 banks,commercial banks,stock exchanges,and large insurance companies,these cities play vital roles in global markets for stocks,bonds,foreign exchange,commodities,and financial derivatives.Additionally,they are crucial players in macroeconomic policy-making and global capital allocation.Figure 16Co

157、mparison of Scores by“Career-Friendliness”and“Sci-Tech Innovation”Column 4Shanghai:Continuously Opening Up and Developing the Financial Sector to Build an International Financial CenterAs a renowned international financial center,Shanghai has made significant strides in developing an all-factor fina

158、ncial market,expanding institutional opening up,promoting green finance,and fostering financial technology in recent years.1.Continuously strengthen global financial resource allocation capabilities.2.Expand high-standard institutional opening up of the financial sector.3.Support the development of

159、emerging sectors such as green and low-carbon finance.255.InfluenceGiven their unique historical and cultural resources and world-class higher education resources,international exchange centers play a vital role in civilization exchanges and mutual learning.Beijing,London,Paris,and Rome,among other

160、cities,boast numerous natural and cultural heritages recognized by the United Nations,reflecting their profound history,culture and significant contributions to human civilization.London,Paris,San Francisco,Boston,Beijing,and New York,among other cities,boast a large number of top universities,and g

161、ather the most important educational and cultural resources globally.They are not only critical players in human knowledge creation,cultural communication,and the shaping of values,but also important birthplaces of contemporary ideas,values and concepts.The 2024 Index has adjusted and refined cultur

162、e and education related indicators.Firstly,the“number of top global universities”indicator is replaced by“global top universities index”,which values both quality and quantity,as shown in Figure 17.Secondly,the index of high-level papers on humanities and social sciences is newly added to measure ci

163、ties achievements in facilitating researches on thoughts,values,and theories,with the top ten cities on this indicator listed in Table 3.Number of Top Global UniversitiesScores by Global Top Universities IndexLondonBostonSan FranciscoLos AngelesBeijingNew YorkParisHong KongBerlinSydneySingaporeZuric

164、hChicagoShanghaiMunichSeoulBarcelonaTokyoMelbourneTorontoSeattleSan DiegoCopenhagenWashington,D.C.MontrealAmsterdamGuangzhouViennaShenzhenGenevaRomeMoscowFrankfurtDubaiMadridMexico CityNairobiGlobal Top Universities Index(after adjustments)Number of Top Global Universities(before adjustments)Note:Ne

165、wly added cities are not included.Figure 17Comparison of“Number of Top Global Universities”and“Global Top Universities Index”26International Exchange Centers Index 2024The Index uses four second-level indicators and 12 third-level indicators to measure the influence of international exchange centers

166、.The scores and rankings of the cities evaluated are as follows.Source:Calculated based on Clarivate Analytics data.CityIndex Score(Percentage)Number of Highly Cited Papers on Humanities and Social SciencesProportion of Highly Cited Papers on Humanities and Social SciencesNumber of Hot Papers on Hum

167、anities and Social SciencesBeijing100.07002.0%24Boston99.48931.9%14London94.17061.1%15Hong Kong90.84391.6%11Shanghai89.03181.7%16Guangzhou80.12011.8%6Los Angeles79.03011.2%5San Francisco78.73211.2%3Sydney78.12480.9%9Chicago77.72631.2%5Table 3Top 10 Cities by Index of High-Level Papers on Humanities

168、and Social SciencesColumn 5Boston:Leveraging Top Universities to Drive Sci-Tech Innovation and Build a Comprehensive Innovation EcosystemBoston,one of the worlds most innovative cities,fully leverages universities in driving sci-tech innovation as part of its efforts to build a world-class research

169、and innovation ecosystem.1.Leverage universities as core drivers to build a research and innovation network.2.Tap into the resources of universities in innovation to cultivate versatile talent with both professional and innovative capabilities.3.Promote the commercialization of sci-tech achievements

170、 through venture capital and investment incubation strategies.275.InfluenceLondonBeijingParisNew YorkSeoulTokyoSan FranciscoBostonHong KongWashington,D.C.BrusselsSingaporeShanghaiLos AngelesBerlinViennaStockholmChicagoRomeSydneyAmsterdamGenevaMadridShenzhenMunichTorontoCopenhagenZurichSeattleBarcelo

171、naMelbourneGuangzhouFrankfurtMoscowSan DiegoMontrealMexico CityDubaiIstanbulCairoJohannesburgNairobiRio de Janeiro*.Rised Unchanged Dropped Newly evaluated cities*Newly evaluated citiesBrusselsParisWashington,D.C.LondonNew YorkViennaGenevaRomeTokyoMadridCairoBerlinBeijingMoscowSeoulStockholmCopenhag

172、enNairobiSingaporeIstanbulMexico CityHong KongBarcelonaMunichFrankfurtTorontoLos AngelesMontrealSydneyChicagoMelbourneDubaiShanghaiSan FranciscoZurichAmsterdamGuangzhouRio de JaneiroBostonSeattleJohannesburgSan DiegoShenzhen*.Rised Unchanged Dropped Newly evaluated cities*Newly evaluated citiesFigur

173、e 18Scores and Rankings by InfluenceFigure 19Scores and Rankings by International Affairs28International Exchange Centers Index 2024San FranciscoBeijingBostonShenzhenHong KongSeoulTokyoShanghaiLondonLos AngelesSan DiegoSeattleParisNew YorkChicagoWashington,D.C.SingaporeTorontoAmsterdamGuangzhouBarce

174、lonaMelbourneMunichSydneyBerlinCopenhagenStockholmZurichGenevaMadridBrusselsMontrealFrankfurtRomeViennaDubaiJohannesburgMoscowNairobiMexico CityIstanbulRio de JaneiroCairo*.Rised Unchanged Dropped Newly evaluated cities*Newly evaluated citiesNew YorkSingaporeBeijingTokyoLondonParisSan FranciscoHong

175、KongShanghaiChicagoAmsterdamBostonSeoulFrankfurtLos AngelesMunichZurichWashington,D.C.TorontoSydneyShenzhenStockholmMadridDubaiBrusselsSeattleGuangzhouMelbourneGenevaCopenhagenViennaMontrealBerlinRomeSan DiegoMoscowIstanbulBarcelonaMexico CityJohannesburgCairoRio de JaneiroNairobi*.Rised Unchanged D

176、ropped Newly evaluated cities*Newly evaluated citiesFigure 21Scores and Rankings by Economic DevelopmentFigure 20Scores and Rankings by Sci-Tech Innovation295.InfluenceBeijingLondonBostonParisNew YorkSeoulSan FranciscoHong KongLos AngelesSydneyBerlinStockholmShanghaiRomeAmsterdamSingaporeMexico City

177、BarcelonaChicagoTokyoViennaZurichCopenhagenMelbourneGuangzhouMoscowMadridBrusselsMunichShenzhenSeattleTorontoSan DiegoWashington,D.C.MontrealGenevaIstanbulDubaiJohannesburgFrankfurtCairoRio de JaneiroNairobi*.Rised Unchanged Dropped Newly evaluated cities*Newly evaluated citiesFigure 22Scores and Ra

178、nkings by Culture and Education30International Exchange Centers Index 20246.ConnectivityResource exchange and factor circulation are basic elements of international exchanges.The development of international exchange centers has significantly enhanced global connectivity,promoting the transnational

179、flow of people,goods,capital,and information.These cities are crucial hubs in global cultural exchanges and business interactions,fostering interdependence among countries to form a community with a shared future.European and Asian cities hold significant advantages in international connectivity.Des

180、pite the impact of the pandemic and other uncontrollable factors,the application of digital networks has helped to mitigate the impact on physical connectivity by enhancing digital connectivity levels.316.ConnectivityEuropean cities maintain an advantage in transport connection,while key Asian pivot

181、 cities have emerged as new connectivity hubs.Among the top ten cities in transport connection,Europe accounts for four,Asia for five,and North America for one.Cities such as London,Seoul,and New York,with their prominent international airports,function as pivotal aviation hubs in their respective r

182、egions and globally.London,with direct international flights to 325 cities,remains first in the OAGs 2023 Global Mega Hub Airport Index.Proportion of Recovery(%)Number of International Direct Flight DestinationsGuangzhouSeattleSan DiegoDubaiHong KongSan FranciscoRomeLondonZurichTorontoSydneyMontreal

183、BarcelonaMelbourneWashington,D.C.BostonParisChicagoGenevaNew YorkFrankfurtSingaporeTokyoBeijingMadridLos AngelesAmsterdamMunichSeoulViennaNairobiShanghaiMexico CityCopenhagenBerlinShenzhenMoscowThe Number of Feb The Number of Dec Proportion of Recovery(%)Note:Newly added cities are not included.Figu

184、re 23Comparison of the Number of Direct International Flight Destinations Pre-and Post-PandemicKey pivots in Asia are poised to become new connectivity hubs.Hong Kong,relying on the large population and market size of the Chinese mainland,has become one of the global transportation hubs.Dubai aims t

185、o position itself as the“connector between East and West”.Driven by a thriving tourism industry,Dubai has built the most modern airport in the Middle East,Dubai International Airport,with direct international flights reaching 264 cities,making it an aviation hub for both the Middle East and the worl

186、d.Singapore,as a pivotal city-state,is actively enhancing its sea-air transport infrastructure to build a modern connectivity system.The Civil Aviation Authority of Singapore has signed air transport agreements with 130 countries and regions worldwide,and the number of international flights is expec

187、ted to increase further.32International Exchange Centers Index 2024Column 7Dubai:Proactively Developing Digital Infrastructure to Strengthen Urban Digital CapabilitiesAccording to the Global Index released by Speedtest,a global network speed testing website,the United Arab Emirates ranked first glob

188、ally for mobile internet speed in June 2023,with a download speed of 204.24 Mbps and an upload speed of 22.72 Mbps.The fixed broadband download speed was 239.2 Mbps,ranking first among Middle East and Arab countries.Dubai is at the forefront of digital economy development across various industries,a

189、chieved through government digital transformation,smart government initiatives,and internal digital restructuring of government agencies.Dubai adopts an open approach to developing the crypto economy and was one of the pioneers in proposing the building of a“Blockchain City”,driving the upgrade of d

190、igital communication infrastructure based on demand.Additionally,Dubais local operators actively collaborate with leading global 5G infrastructure providers to build digital infrastructures for future urban development.Column 6Amsterdam:Developing Multi-Modal Air-Rail Transportation to Become an Int

191、ernational Passenger and Cargo HubAccording to the Airports Council International(ACI),Amsterdam Schiphol Airport ranked third among the worlds top 10 busiest airports in 2023,handling 61.88 million international passengers.This marks a year-on-year growth of 17.9%I compared to 2022.In 2023,Schiphol

192、 Airport announced plans to increase flight capacity in 2024,with 483,000 flights scheduled for the year.Currently,Schiphol Airport is collaborating with Hardt Hyperloop to conduct research on the feasibility of using hyperloops to replace some short-haul flights.This initiative will significantly a

193、dvance Schiphol Airports progress towards a sustainable multi-modal transport hubII.I Top 10 busiest airports in the world shift with the rise of international air travel demand|ACI WorldII Schiphol|Hyperloop to the futureBeijing,Shanghai,and Copenhagen take the lead in digital network development,a

194、nd significant improvements have been made in cities like Dubai and Barcelona.Beijing and Shanghai occupy the top two spots in the digital network ranking,followed by Copenhagen in third place.In 2023,the median speed of fixed broadband in Singapore,Hong Kong,Madrid,and Barcelona exceeded 200 Mbps,w

195、hile the median speed of mobile networks in Dubai,Beijing,Shanghai,and Copenhagen exceeded 100 Mbps.The three cities with the fastest growth in mobile network speeds are Dubai,Beijing,and Shanghai,while the three cities with the fastest growth in fixed broadband speeds are Guangzhou,Dubai,and Amster

196、dam.Copenhagen ranks third in the digital network ranking and first in The Economists Digital Cities Index,thanks to its open and efficient digital development environment.336.ConnectivityCities on the Eurasian continent remain the centers for international business exchanges.European cities such as

197、 Madrid,Barcelona,Paris,and Istanbul rank among the top four for business communication,while Asian cities like Singapore,Seoul,Shanghai,and Hong Kong remain in the top ten.However,the number of ICCA-recognized international conferences held by the cities evaluated in 2022 and 2023 decreased by 37%a

198、nd 28.3%,respectively,compared to pre-pandemic levels in 2019.Only five cities-Dubai,Rome,Seattle,Singapore,and Nairobi-were able to recover to or exceed pre-pandemic levels in 2023.Istanbuls exhibition industry is particularly prosperous,having hosted 56 UFI-recognized exhibitions by November 2023,

199、ranking first among the evaluated cities.The Index uses three second-level indicators and six third-level indicators to measure the connectivity of international exchange centers.The scores and rankings of the cities evaluated are as follows:Proportion of Recovery(%)Number of ICCA-Recognized Interna

200、tional ConferencesAverage Numbers for and The Number of Proportion of Recovery(%)-%-%-%-%-%-%DubaiSeattleViennaRomeGenevaBarcelonaSingaporeZurichSan DiegoMexico CityTorontoBostonChicagoMadridCopenhagenMelbourneSeoulLondonNairobiWashington,D.C.AmsterdamMontrealMunichSan FranciscoFrankfurtParisLos Ang

201、elesBerlinSydneyTokyoNew YorkHong KongShenzhenBeijingShanghaiGuangzhouMoscowFigure 24Change in the Number of ICCA-Recognized International Conferences34International Exchange Centers Index 2024SingaporeMadridParisShanghaiSeoulDubaiBarcelonaHong KongLondonCopenhagenAmsterdamIstanbulTokyoNew YorkBeiji

202、ngStockholmViennaTorontoFrankfurtZurichMunichGenevaRomeBrusselsLos AngelesBerlinGuangzhouSan FranciscoChicagoMontrealShenzhenBostonWashington,D.C.Mexico CitySydneyRio de JaneiroMelbourneSeattleSan DiegoMoscowJohannesburgCairoNairobi.*.Rised Unchanged Dropped Newly evaluated cities*Newly evaluated ci

203、tiesLondonIstanbulSeoulParisDubaiSingaporeAmsterdamNew YorkTokyoHong KongFrankfurtShanghaiMadridTorontoBarcelonaMexico CityMunichBrusselsRomeZurichCopenhagenViennaCairoGenevaLos AngelesMoscowStockholmBerlinSydneySan FranciscoMontrealChicagoGuangzhouBeijingJohannesburgMelbourneSeattleWashington,D.C.N

204、airobiRio de JaneiroBostonShenzhenSan Diego*.Rised Unchanged Dropped Newly evaluated cities*Newly evaluated citiesFigure 26Scores and Rankings by Transport ConnectionFigure 25Scores and Rankings by Connectivity356.ConnectivityBeijingShanghaiCopenhagenDubaiSingaporeHong KongMadridBarcelonaStockholmSa

205、n DiegoGenevaSan FranciscoLos AngelesZurichSeoulTorontoBostonNew YorkParisChicagoWashington,D.C.AmsterdamGuangzhouRio de JaneiroTokyoSeattleShenzhenMontrealViennaMunichSydneyMelbourneBerlinLondonMoscowFrankfurtBrusselsRomeJohannesburgMexico CityIstanbulNairobiCairo.*.Rised Unchanged Dropped Newly ev

206、aluated cities*Newly evaluated citiesMadridBarcelonaParisIstanbulSingaporeSeoulViennaShanghaiBerlinHong KongRomeLondonMunichAmsterdamBrusselsShenzhenCopenhagenFrankfurtStockholmTokyoDubaiBeijingMontrealMexico CityGuangzhouSydneyMelbourneZurichTorontoBostonRio de JaneiroGenevaChicagoNew YorkWashingto

207、n,D.C.JohannesburgLos AngelesCairoSan DiegoSeattleNairobiSan FranciscoMoscow.*.Rised Unchanged Dropped Newly evaluated cities*Newly evaluated citiesFigure 27Scores and Rankings by Digital NetworkFigure 28Scores and Rankings by Business Communication36International Exchange Centers Index 20247.New Tr

208、ends in the Development of International Exchange CentersIn comparison to the previous report,the research team has made partial adjustments and optimizations to the indicators,with an emphasis on quality and efficiency.The focus is more on a citys participation and potential in global resource aggr

209、egation,political and economic exchanges,and cultural interactions.This years report also places greater importance on a citys influence on international relations,global order,and human civilization,and emphasizes the ability to allocate global resources as well as the institutions,platforms,and ru

210、les that underpin such ability.The Index is primarily based on data from 2023,with a few indicators using the most recent available statistics.Overall,it portrays the post-pandemic state of each city.Compared with the previous report,this edition highlights the impact of digital technology,geopoliti

211、cal factors,and the pandemic recovery process on cities.377.New Trends in the Development of International Exchange CentersDigital technology has a profound impact on international exchanges,presenting new challenges to urban development and international governance.Strengthening urban digital infra

212、structure,developing and applying digital technologies,and creating digital scenarios have become the main paths for cities to achieve smart transformation and enhance their attractiveness,influence,and connectivity.However,disparities in digital infrastructure development,digital capabilities,and c

213、onditions for digital life among cities have hindered the process of using digital technology to empower cities and enhance the efficiency and convenience of exchanges.In the digital age,cross-border movement requires adjustment for“digital-lagI in addition to“jet-lag”,significantly changing the for

214、m of international exchanges.The evolving global security landscape has transformed international exchange centers from only platform providers for diplomacy to active practitioners of global cooperation and development concepts.These centers serve as geopolitical hubs and forefronts,and are the bir

215、thplaces of global public agenda.The flourishing decentralized urban diplomacy has led to a loose relationship between cities and their respective states.Many city leaders are playing increasingly important and unique roles in international affairs.Therefore,international exchange centers have becom

216、e practitioners of global cooperation and development concepts.Green development,openness,inclusiveness,resilience,and sustainability have become key features of international exchange centers.Many cities are providing infrastructures and public services that accommodate the living and social needs

217、of people of different ethnicities,religious beliefs,and cultural backgrounds,with the rights and interests of ethnic minorities and vulnerable groups being better protected.I Digital-lag,in the Index,refers to the need for cross-border travelers to adapt to different mobile applications and product

218、s,such as electronic payment and social media apps upon arriving at different countries.Resilience and safety have become key criteria for global immigration destinations in the post-pandemic era.Urban resilience and safety,including public security,health and epidemic control,and disaster and emerg

219、ency response capabilities,are increasingly valued by immigrants.The development of city clusters injects new vitality into international exchanges.City clusters are playing an increasingly prominent role in turning cities into metropolises.Many international exchange centers have grown into city cl

220、usters that transcend administrative and geographical boundaries.International metropolises continue to expand,with growing demographic diversity in terms of race and class.Living conditions have been improved through technological advancements and the development of green and smart cities,promoting

221、 the prosperity of diverse city clusters.World-class city clusters are evolving,providing new ecosystems for the aggregation of more international and diverse resources for work and life.38International Exchange Centers Index 2024International exchange centers serve as bulwarks against anti-globaliz

222、ation tides.They are becoming increasingly important in addressing common challenges,promoting global development,and facilitating cultural exchanges and mutual learning.8.Conclusion and Outlook398.Conclusion and OutlookFirstly,international exchange centers shall have a unique appeal.To achieve thi

223、s,cities must highlight their unique features and strengths while addressing weaknesses in urban development to boost their attractiveness,influence,and connectivity.It is important to strike a balance between building on advantages and addressing weaknesses.Additionally,top-level planning should be

224、 improved and actions that are tailored to local conditions should be taken in a phased manner to enhance functions for international exchange.It is crucial to respect market rules and involve residents in city governance,so that“the city is built by and for its people”.Secondly,it is important to a

225、chieve a balance between localization and internationalization to foster an open,inclusive,innovative,resilient,and sustainable urban environment.Cities should embrace global,digital,and green trends and align with international standards in urban management.This involves upgrading infrastructure,fa

226、cilities,management,services,standards,and regulations,as well as mindset and culture.Efforts should also be made to develop a modern urban service system and enhance safety,resilience,and quality of the city to attract high-end resources and inject impetus into urban development.Thirdly,the ability

227、 to live and interact in the digital age should be enhanced to create diverse modes of international exchange.We should embrace the concept of extensive consultation,joint contribution and shared benefits,in order to strengthen international cooperation and bridge the digital divide.This will ensure

228、 that digital technology and artificial intelligence can benefit all humanity.Cities in developing countries should accelerate the improvement of digital infrastructure,deployment of digital applications,and enhancement of digital literacy across society to improve the ability to live in and adapt t

229、o the digital age.It is important to oppose the imposition of ideological boundaries and the creation of“small yard and high fence”by some countries that exploit technological monopolies and unilateral measures to erect development barriers and deprive developing countries of digital and AI dividend

230、s.Additionally,it is crucial to respect and protect cultural and linguistic diversity in the AI era and provide inclusive interfaces for all people,so as to empower human development through digital technology progress.Fourth,it is necessary to build efficient and connected networks of international

231、 exchange centers to shape an open and inclusive world order and promote the building of a community with a shared future for mankind.Cities should strive to create a favorable landscape for international exchanges where cooperation outweighs competition.The spatial layout of international exchange

232、centers should be improved to establish a well-developed framework for global connectivity.Looking ahead,international metropolises will encounter both greater opportunities and challenges resulting from technological progress and complex changes in the global landscape.As benchmarks for global deve

233、lopment,international exchange centers possess enormous potential for growth and a promising outlook due to their strong openness,inclusiveness,and global appeal.We will conduct further research on how to enhance cities international exchange capabilities and contribute to the growth of cities world

234、wide.40International Exchange Centers Index 2024Appendix 1 Overall Rankings and Rankings of First-level IndicatorsCityCountryOverall rankingAttractivenessInfluenceConnectivityLondonUK1119ParisFrance2633New YorkUSA32414Hong KongChina4398SingaporeSingapore55121SeoulSouth Korea6855BeijingChina732215Tok

235、yoJapan89613MadridSpain925232San FranciscoUSA104728ShanghaiChina1137124CopenhagenDenmark12112710AmsterdamNetherlands13172111BarcelonaSpain1422307DubaiUAE1514386Los AngelesUSA1671424BostonUSA1710832ViennaAustria18181617StockholmSweden19161716BerlinGermany20131526TorontoCanada21192618BrusselsBelgium22

236、301124IstanbulTurkey23243912MunichGermany24202521Washington,D.C.USA24261033FrankfurtGermany26283319SydneyAustralia27122035GenevaSwitzerland28332222ChicagoUSA29271829RomeItaly29341823ZurichSwitzerland29302820ShenzhenChina32352430MelbourneAustralia33153137SeattleUSA34202938MontrealCanada35293630San Di

237、egoUSA36223539GuangzhouChina37383227MoscowRussia38363340Mexico CityMexico39393733CairoEgypt40414042Rio de JaneiroBrazil41424336JohannesburgSouth Africa42434141NairobiKenya4340424341AppendixAppendix 2 Rankings of Second-level Indicators of AttractivenessCityCountryAttractivenessLivabilityBusiness-fri

238、endlinessCareer-friendlinessTourism-friendlinessLondonUK1121233New YorkUSA229416Hong KongChina3282231San FranciscoUSA4235130SingaporeSingapore5201157ParisFrance6163285Los AngelesUSA72713415SeoulSouth Korea8265199TokyoJapan9330118BostonUSA10235535CopenhagenDenmark111023226SydneyAustralia121152422Berl

239、inGermany131418917DubaiUAE143917324MelbourneAustralia151152628StockholmSweden1614141529AmsterdamNetherlands1713362010ViennaAustria189233514TorontoCanada1917211820MunichGermany206182225SeattleUSA202551043BarcelonaSpain2219262512San DiegoUSA222251742IstanbulTurkey244232311MadridSpain2511262916Washingt

240、on,D.C.USA263151433ChicagoUSA273151237FrankfurtGermany286184230MontrealCanada2917212730BrusselsBelgium308373524ZurichSwitzerland304343435BeijingChina323324639GenevaSwitzerland334343741RomeItaly3421394211ShenzhenChina3536261312MoscowRussia3630242133ShanghaiChina373531723GuangzhouChina3836262821Mexico

241、 CityMexico3940402917NairobiKenya4038383840CairoEgypt4143413819Rio de JaneiroBrazil4234414038JohannesburgSouth Africa434141402742International Exchange Centers Index 2024CityCountryInfluenceInternational affairsSci-tech innovationEconomic developmentCulture and educationLondonUK14952BeijingChina2132

242、31ParisFrance321364New YorkUSA451415SeoulSouth Korea5156136TokyoJapan697420San FranciscoUSA734177BostonUSA8393113Hong KongChina922588Washington,D.C.USA103161834BrusselsBelgium111312528SingaporeSingapore121917216ShanghaiChina12338913Los AngelesUSA142710149BerlinGermany1511253211ViennaAustria166353121

243、StockholmSweden1716272212ChicagoUSA1830151019RomeItaly188343414SydneyAustralia2029242010AmsterdamNetherlands2136191115GenevaSwitzerland227292936MadridSpain2310302327ShenzhenChina244342130MunichGermany2524231629TorontoCanada2626181932CopenhagenDenmark2717263022ZurichSwitzerland2835271722SeattleUSA294

244、0122631BarcelonaSpain3023213818MelbourneAustralia3131222824GuangzhouChina3237192725FrankfurtGermany3325331440MoscowRussia3314383626San DiegoUSA3542113533MontrealCanada3628323235Mexico CityMexico3721403917DubaiUAE3832362438IstanbulTurkey3920413737CairoEgypt4011424141JohannesburgSouth Africa4141374039

245、NairobiKenya4218394343Rio de JaneiroBrazil4338424242Appendix 3 Rankings of Second-level Indicators of Influence43AppendixAppendix 4 Rankings of Second-level Indicators of ConnectivityCityCountryConnectivityTransport connectionDigital networkBusiness communicationSingaporeSingapore1655MadridSpain2137

246、1ParisFrance33193ShanghaiChina41228SeoulSouth Korea53155DubaiUAE65421BarcelonaSpain71582Hong KongChina810610LondonUK913412CopenhagenDenmark1021317AmsterdamNetherlands1162214IstanbulTurkey122414TokyoJapan1392520New YorkUSA1481834BeijingChina1533122StockholmSweden1627919ViennaAustria1721297TorontoCana

247、da18141629FrankfurtGermany19113618ZurichSwitzerland20201428MunichGermany21173013GenevaSwitzerland22241132RomeItaly23193811Los AngelesUSA24251336BrusselsBelgium24183715BerlinGermany2628339GuangzhouChina27332325San FranciscoUSA28301242ChicagoUSA29322032ShenzhenChina30422615MontrealCanada30312823Boston

248、USA32411730Washington,D.C.USA33382135Mexico CityMexico33164024SydneyAustralia35293126Rio de JaneiroBrazil36402431MelbourneAustralia37363227SeattleUSA38372640San DiegoUSA3943938MoscowRussia40263543JohannesburgSouth Africa41353936CairoEgypt42234338NairobiKenya4339424144International Exchange Centers Index 2024